Examine How Market Equilibrium Is Determined and Explain

Market Equilibrium- Asifa Kwong Examine how market equilibrium is determined and explain why governments intervene in markets. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer. Equilibrium refers to the idea that there is no tendency to change, and market equilibrium is a situation where the price and the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded of a particular good are equal. The interaction between demand and supply can change the price mechanism which determines the prices and quantity of the goods and services that will be bought and sold in the market.When there’s no tendency to change in price or quantity, it means that there’s no surplus or shortage of goods and services in the market (diagram 1). If there’s any mismatch in supply and demand, it will be balanced by changes in price and quantity demanded or supplied. When there’s a surplus of goods and services, there will be a decrease in demand, where supply will be greater than demand, price will fall wh ere firms cut prices to sell surplus and there will be a contraction of supply and an extension of demand.When there’s a shortage of goods and services, consumers bid up prices competing for the available quantity supplied of goods and series, where there’s an extension of supply and a contraction of demand ad there will be a re-established equilibrium price at a higher rate. Increase in demand will lead to a shift in the demand curve to the right where it will raise both equilibrium price and quantity. When there’s a decrease in demand, the demand will shift to the left where price will drop and there will be an extension in demand and a contraction in supply.An increase in supply will shift supply to the right, it will lower the equilibrium price and raises the equilibrium quantity. There will be an extension in demand and a contraction in supply. A decrease in supply will shift supply to the right where there will be a raise in the equilibrium price and lower s the equilibrium quantity. When the market prices for goods and services in the product markets is considered to be too high or too low, market failure may occur where the price mechanism may take account of private benefits and costs of production but doesn’t take into account social cost and benefits.This is when the government intervenes in the market. When the government feels that the market determined price for some goods and services is too high or too low, the government may intervene in the marketplace in order to make changes to these goods and services. Governments impose price ceiling and floor prices in order to intervene the market prices. Price ceiling is the maximum price that can be charged for a good or service. For example, the petrol prices in the market maybe too high so the government would set a ceiling price that it can’t be higher than a particular amount.Floor price refers to the minimum price that can be charged for a particular good or serv ices, it is established below market equilibrium. For example, the government may think that the market price for wheat is too low, so it may impose a floor price which will lead to an increase in the price of wheat and the market will be in disequilibrium. There are often failure of private sector to provide goods and services. The government may intervene in order to encourage the provision of merit goods like public education that have positive externalities, through subsidies to consumers to lower prices and increases consumption.Provision of public good, e. g. public road and police services, are not provided by individual firms at all, so the government intervenes to supply these public goods and finances them with its tax revenue. Protection of the environmental goods like air, water is intervening by the government where government may set taxes like the carbon tax to control the pollution level. In a government influence market, we would have pure competition in the marketp lace where there’s no government intervention at all.This shows that no one in the market has the power to influence the market outcomes directly. The prices of the market will be determined by its supply and demand in the market system. With a regulated market where there’s government intervention, the price mechanism can be changed depending on the government influence. Therefore, a regulated market can be controlled so that it can be more secured and safe where the price of goods and services is at a rage that people in the economy can effort so that our standard of living can increase.

Belief in God a basic belief

  From the most ancient known history of mankind, as well as from the oldest relics of antiquity that we have been able to obtain, it appears that in every age man had recognized some form of deity. Even in the present age, every nation on the face of the earth, from the most primitive to the most civilized, does believe in and worship some deity. Many philosophers argue that the idea of having a deity and of worshipping him is ingrained in human nature. Such philosophers contend that there is something within a man’s soul which forces him to do so.For many a philosopher, the belief in God has its origins in the very nature of man. Man is not self-sufficient and his powers are limited. He is weak, frail and helpless in front of the powers of nature. It is this sense of vulnerability and powerlessness which has compelled philosophers to seek the assistance of a superior being. By worshipping and seeking the pleasure of such a supreme being, human beings can conquer their fear s and suppress their apprehensions.â€Å"The craving for religious faith being largely an outcome of fear† (Russell, 1975, p. 43). It is in the realm of morality and ethics that philosophers have found religion and belief in God the most indispensable. Such philosophers are of the view that the moral and ethical structure in existence would fall down if this belief is eliminated. Thus, in this regard, Bertrand Russell contends that â€Å"if people solve their social problems Religion will die out† (Russell, 1975, p. 136).Being a classical proponent of natural theology, Thomas Aquinas believed that the existence of God is neither self-evident nor beyond proof. Therefore, while placing his belief in God, he proposed a different approach to understand the divine nature. This approach, commonly known as the ‘via negative’ is to consider what God is not. This helped him to elaborate the divine qualities. References Nichols, A. (2002). Discovering Aquinas. Michi gan: Eerdmans Publishing Company. Russell, B. (1975). Bertrand Russell’s Best. Chicago: Mentor Publishing Company.

HW1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HW1 - Research Paper Example Of all the above solvents the use of diisobutyl ketone is less hazardous since it is miscible with most organic solvents and immiscible with water, it has a slow evaporating rate but has a high boiling point, has a good viscosity reduction, reduction of surface tension in high-solid coating. The major damage can be caused by spillages of which may result in irritation and burns to the eyes, nose, throat and skin, rashes to the skin, there might be cases of skin allergy with rash and itchiness. This can be control via the use of Butyl neoprene (gloves and boots), coveralls and respirators (full facepiece APR with OV cartridges 20ppm supplied air.). The basic function of any respirator is usually to protect from inhaling of hazardous chemicals or gases, they include full face piece respirator, half mask piece respirator, quarter mask respirator. The full face piece covers the greatest area from around the hairline to the chin as compared to half mask which covers from nose to chin and quarter mask which covers only the eye and the nose, hence the most appropriate to use is the full face piece since it ensures maximum area covered hence high protection. As mentioned above other hazards may include reactive hazards, this are mostly caused by release of gases which in turn burns/explode or causes high pressure hence inflicting injury to a person. Also there is pyrophoric hazards, this are chemicals that ignite in the air at a temperature of about 130oF e.g. lithium, powered aluminum etc. the best way to prevent this is by seeking of toxicity data from literature, private sources or even

Literature review of nursing leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature review of nursing leaders - Essay Example The Institute of Medicine (IOM) defines quality of care in hospitals as the level to which health services offered to individuals increase the certainty of expected health results and are in harmony with current professional expertise. With this standard definition, quality indictors include death, disability, discomfort, disease and dissatisfaction (Yragui et al, 2013). However, recent medical practitioners have shifted way from the usual negative to the positive aspects of quality. This has led to the innovation of the description of quality health care is the safe, effective and equitable services that health practitioners give to patients ( Mitchell). Curtis et al (2011) defines nurse leaders as medical practitioners who order instructions to medical students or co-workers. In addition, the two claim that every leader in whichever position merges their circle of influence with clinical practise. This goes hand in hand with Yraguis (2013) suggestion that anyone who is in authority and has disciples who rely on their expertise is a leader. Nurse leaders have many roles to perform in the hospital because of their influence to other nurses. One such role is providing organizational support. Nurse leaders are expected to motivate nurses and make them feel appreciated in the hospital (Morse, 2007). The nurses should feel needed in the organization and that their efforts are recognized. Nurse leaders help improve practice levels when they are responsive to patient concerns. They can also make other care providers believe that the management is concerned with high-quality care. This would in turn encourage care providers to give specialized care to patients, as agreed by Yargui (2013).The providers will also embrace positive attitude and behaviour. Employees who receive compliments from employers would have better attitudes. The nurse leaders should also give an aggression free environment to other care providers. They should

Week 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 1 - Assignment Example This in turn have benefitted people, insurance companies and employers to get treatment with less cost and better quality especially for uninsured or under-insured patients. On the global part, the countries with these facilities are getting employment for their people. Impact on losers is yet less as this move is meeting demand-supply gap. However, increased dependence on same can adversely impact competitiveness and earnings of U.S medical professional, insurance companies, employers and also quality of services in these countries. Patients going abroad, where most of them are either uninsured or under insured can turn up as and a greater risk as no claim can be made in case of accident. Apart from this the increasing medical tourism in any particular country can result in increasing the cost of medical services. Negotiated services from medical professionals and insurance industry can reduce the impact, which if not controlled now, will affect them as well. Reality of globalization in health care industry must be seen in deeper sense. It is an observed trend that many people move from one country to another country in order to get medical treatment. The globalization in health care industry is good option for the people who are not able to get quality treatment in their own country. However, on the other hand this globalization seems to be no good option if foreign patients are treated at cost of local patients especially in Asian side

Cap-and-Trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cap-and-Trade - Assignment Example This approach is based on credits which are issued to corporations by governments or a set authority. A corporation is issued with a set limit of the pollution level that they can cause in a given region. If it can achieve that, they can transfer their credits to another company for a given fee (Burney, 2010). Therefore, cap and trade approach creates a marketing system for those companies that are better or are able to reduce their emissions and at the same time is punishes those companies that can not be able to do so financially. On the other hand, carbon tax is a tax imposed on carbon fuels. This approach offers corporations and governments a cost effective way of reducing greenhouse emissions in to the atmosphere. Carbon tax approach is mostly applied in OECD countries based on energy products and motor vehicles (Burney, 2010). There has been increased opposition to this approach citing concerns that it can lead to firms relocating and people losing jobs. On cap and trade approach, there are no emissions costs but the influence is on the broader economy. Therefore, this approach favors the corporations. That means that whenever anyone at a personal level does any mistake he or she will not be involved. On the other hand carbon emissions are always monitored by the carbon in the fuel (Burney, 2010). I also find that very far fetched because homesteads emit as much greenhouse gases as corporations. Therefore, in my opinion I believe these measures are not enough to combat climate

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Exam - Essay Example Analyze the options, select what you believe is the best option and formulate your proposed design to collect primary and/or secondary reliable and valid data to address your research question. 2. CORE CURRICULUM: Examine and critically analyze the seminal works on leadership and/or management related to your research topic. Drawing from this work and the broader literature you have read, address the contributions and the shortcomings of academic and practitioner research surrounding your topic, and clearly articulate the particular contribution that your research will address. Include a discussion of generalizability of your findings to related research contexts and/or questions. 3. CONCENTRATION CURRICULUM: Drawing from the recent literature in your chosen concentration (generally within the last three years), evaluate the unique contributions and/or extensions of your research question to the discipline. Draw from your personal experience as well as the greater body of literature to address the intersection of the seminal work discussed in question 2 with the current state of concentration literature and the chosen research question. SMEs are an important foundation of business activity in the Thai economy representing over 99% of the country’s businesses. The government is keen to support SMEs because of the potential economic and social benefits, and it has therefore devised several support initiatives. Various success factors are identified in addition to government support such as leadership and management skills, organizational culture and technology. After considering the three approaches to research methodology, it is decided that a mixed-method would be suitable because there is valuable data that can be collected and at the same time, more insightful qualitative information can be obtained. The descriptive research design will involve a survey to identify certain characteristics of SMEs and further research to

RESEARCH PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example One of the authors who wrote on the mistakes that happened in the war is Bill Fawcett. In his book, How to Lose WWII: Bad Mistakes of the Good War, he highlighted facts and in a very interesting way. According to Fawcett, the outbreak of war was ignited by Germany’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 which could have been avoided if not for poor judgement (8). The Treaty of Versailles which was imposed on Germany by Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of England and Woodrow Wilson of the US discussed the punishment they had to give Germany for starting World War I. Woodrow Wilson formulated a 14-point-plan which he believed would bring peace to Europe but Clemenceaue wanted revenge on Germany. Georges agreed with Wilson but the public sided with France. The Germans were expecting a treaty based on Wilson’s 14 points but ended being disappointed. Instead, they had no choice but to take the very harsh agreement. They had to accept the blame for starting World War I, were forced to pay ?6.6 billion for war damages and were only allowed to have a small army. Moreover, Rhineland would be de-militarized. Some of Germany’s territories were given to other countries and union with Austria was also forbidden. Imposing a cold-hearted punishment like this to a poor and starving war struck country made many very unhappy. Germany looked for a saviour and found one, Adolf Hitler. He promised to tear down the treaty. As soon as he was elected Chancellor in January 1933, he wasted no time in building his army in secret. This was no secret for the French and Britain. They did not pay much attention thinking that the actions of Hitler would prevent the expansion of Communism to the West. They were wrong. By 1936, Germany had an army but it was not that strong. In the dawn of March 7, 1936, Hitler ordered his troops to enter Rhineland. At this point, thousands of France soldiers were also at the Franco-German border, yet they did not do anything, a great mistake. One of Hitler’s general, Heinz Guderian, stated that if the French had intervened in Rhineland in 1936, they could have defeated Hitler there and then. Later, it was also revealed that Hitler privately admitted: â€Å"The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance† (Bullock 135). If only the French or Britain made an action and put aside their fear, World War II could have been avoided at that point. In 1936, Italy and Japan allied with Germany. After these alliances Hitler started taking back German lands. They started with Austria in 1938, which was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler promised that Anschluss, union with Germany, would be the end of his expansion and he did not want to risk war. Six months later, Hitler invaded Sudetenland and eventually the whole of Czechoslovakia and yet again no one dared to stop Germany. The British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, thought that pressing military pressure from France and Britain would scare Germany from invading Poland. Chamberlain was wrong. In September 1, 1939, Germany attacked and occupied Poland, World War II officially started. Hitler also made one crucial mistake in 1941 when he declared war on Russia while

Global Business Strategy 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Business Strategy 2 - Essay Example As such, this provided Dr Reddy Labs with an obvious cost advantage with the development and innovation of new drugs as well as setting up the infrastructure that would be able to compete on a global scale and provide pharmaceutical markets around the world with high qualities and high quantities of generic drugs. As a means of analyzing the overall strength, strategic position, fundamental tools at the disposal of the firm, strategy, outlook, history, and outlook for the firm in question, this analysis will seek to provide a commentary on each of these points. By means of beginning its industrial start as a primary supplier of Indian and Russian pharmaceutical industry, Dr Reddy Labs was able to save a massive amount of money that would otherwise be required to make the labs qualify under FDA regulations. In this way, the firm was able to begin generating a steady stream of revenue while seeking to focus supplying existing markets and consumers while minimizing the needs to jump directly into the more nuanced US and/or European markets. For this reason, few firms readily enter the pharmaceutical market due to the obscenely high cost of entry associated with all of the standards that such firms seek to meet within the beginning phases of company operation (Hopper 2003). Once a solid footing was established within Indian and international markets for both generic drugs, Dr. Reddy Labs shifted to seeking to penetrate the market for over the counter drugs in both Europe and the United States. This would serve as the first foray into the US ma rket; a market which according to the study that has been utilized to inform this piece accounts for over 50% of the entire world pharmaceutical market. This gradual approach to entry into the US market meant that the firm was able to continue to generate a high number of sales from the key markets that contributed mainly to their

Sustainable development Essay Example for Free

Sustainable development Essay Introduction: Without a shadow of doubt, one of the problems facing today’s China is water pollution. Maybe you will ask, how to define water pollution? Why we will say the water pollution problem in China is so serious? Actually, there are many different ways to measure water pollution. For example, use instrument to test the safety level of water or by using the ph-value to test whether it meets or exceeds the national standard or not. However, we are not professionals. Therefore, today I will just tell you two simple ways. First, by chemical indicators, we can take the water sample and measure the concentrations of chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, that means the water is polluted. Second, by biological indicators, we can examine living things that water will support. If living things can live in the water that means the water quality is still acceptable. However, if the living things can’t live, the water quality is so poor. These simple ways can test whether the water is polluted or not. Causes: There are two main reasons that cause water pollution. First is the industry. In recent years, the rapid development of industrial and urban areas, and changes in agricultural practices. The discharge of waste from industries. The owners think that rivers and oceans are convenient places for them to dump their waste material. However, they did not concern these waste contains toxic substances that may cause damage to the river and lake and also, it is harmful for humans and aquatic animals. Second, for the public, too many selfish and lazy members of the public have immediate satisfaction. This poor civic spirit, a mind-your-own-business, non-confrontational culture make the situation worse. In China, all you have to do is step outside to see evidence of a lack of public hygiene. One popular pastime is littering. The â€Å"expert† litterer refuses to put his  cigarette butt, used tissue, or fish-ball stick in a bin, even if there is one only 3 steps away. It is not surprising that one day, we will live with sewage-strewn beaches and dead rivers. All in all, because the discharge of waste from industries and selfish citizens and weak enforcement of littering laws and government complicity in pollution all combine to make prospects for improvement bleak. Impact on Economic Aspect, Case Study: Concerning pollution of river, algae bloom on Lake Tai has been the concrete example showing the negative impact of unsustainable practices on economic development in recent years. And the government needed to spend huge sum to revamp the situation. Taihu is third largest lake in China, covering an area of 2400 km2. It is the major source of water to Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou and Wuxi, Hangjiahu Plain. As the Chinese saying goes, those living on a mountain live off the mountain; those living near the water live off the water. Therefore, the river becomes a major source of income to the local as well. Aquaculture industry, hairy crabs industry in particular, is thriving there. However, the mis-use of chemical substances around Taihu has led an ecological disaster since the 80s. Apart from the industrialization and influx of population of 20 million people along Taihu, development of agriculture and aquaculture contributed to excessive nutrients inside the river. According to Liang and He (2012), the organic pollutant in water sharply rose from 1% in 1987 to 29.18% in 1994. A proliferation of blue algae happens every now and then because of eutrophication in river. Netted enclosures used in Taihu As Qin discovers (as cited in wang, 2007) that excessive amount of bait led to eutrophication of river. Compared with that of river, the water sample of  breeding grounds contained higher concentration of ammonia and nitrogen. Plus, the netted enclosures deterred the aquatic plants from purifying the water. And the slower flow of water supported accumulation of chemical. Hence, the Jiangsu government annually invested RMB 2 billion for management of Taihu since the massive outburst in 2007. And 2.8 million tons of algae were removed between 2007 and 2011 (Liang and He, 2012). According to Wu and Cai (2007), the Chinese government strictly controlled artificial breeding space then. The size of breeding grounds was prohibited to expand and limited to meet scientifically sound standard in Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi. It was projected that the size of breeding grounds would significantly drop from 81 thousand to 32 thousand hectares in 2008, coupled with the output volume of 8 thousand tons. The sharp decrease in harvest by 10 thousand tons drove price rise. In fact, besides the environment, the local government protected the livelihood of those crab farmers. After the implementation of projects, the number of hairy crab breeders was estimated to decrease to 1500 along Yangchenhu. Hence, provision of monetary compensation aside, these primary producers received knowledge transfer to shift to value chain of crab products. In short, rather than stable growth of GDP from the heavily polluted source, the local government would like to achieve long-term growth by restoring ecological balance and upgrading the development of cities. Plus, the farming and horticulture industry were disallowed to develop within 1 kilometer of peak discharge of river to avoid soil contamination, in turn water pollution of river. Finally, according to â€Å"Harvest Hairy Crab in Taihu, Output and Price rose by 30%†(2011), the quality of hairy crab along Taihu were better than before because of better water quality and limited production. And the Trophic state index dropped to 60.8 in 2011, compared to 62 in 2007 (Ding, 2012). Plus, as Xu reports (2008) that, despite smaller size of breeding ground of hairy crab, the better freshwater favor survival of crab seed which would  not lead to a dramatic drop in output but maintain freshness of produce. In conclusion, there is a long way to complete restoration of Taihu because of high accumulation of chemical substances from human activities nearby. However, the human-induced eutrophication of river can be controlled by the planning and monitoring of the local governments. Meanwhile, they can lay more effort into developing high-price hormone-free crabs to meet greater and greater demand over the world while maintaining sustainability of river for next generation of Taihu. Our future: When considering our future, it seems we have two choices. We can passively let the future happen and live with dead rivers or alternatively we can actively change our future by taking specific steps like work together to keep the water clean so the living things and people remain healthy. We benefit, or suffer, from the decisions made by us today. For me, of course, I will choose the latter one. By doing so, there are three aspects that can do better. First, for education. I think no one will disagree that the success of government education programs is a long term proposition. We need to make people aware of the water pollution problem and its impact. Educators can teach people to clean up their act and organize activities like community beach-cleaning sessions. Also, some concern groups can work with media like television channels or short movies to produce water management programs to promote public education. Education is the key. Positive public action can make a great change. Second, for the laws. Recently, China has enacted regulations and laws to reduce water pollution. However, I think the government needs to punish the offenders. New laws, higher fines, stricter enforcement are indispensable. They can force people and companies to clean up their act. Third, for the economy. Since a large amount of money spent on treating the polluted water. Many environmental experts agree â€Å"polluter pays principle†Ã‚  that means polluter needs to pay for the damage done to the natural environment. Therefore, they may fear that they need to pay more so they try to think some ways that cause less pollution. Last but not least, according to GREENPEACE, â€Å"25% of Chinas seven largest river systems, which include the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River, fails to provide water which is suitable for irrigation and is considered highly polluted. In addition, 30% of the Chinas rivers and 25% of her coastal areas are considered highly polluted. If one were to take all of Chinas clean water supply and share it evenly with the population, the amount each person would get would be miniscule.1† Therefore, to live better or not, everyone is the director. Positive action can change our future. Just start from today, tackle water pollution before it is too late.

Evolution of Hybrid Cars

Evolution of Hybrid Cars 1. Introduction: The European government is trying to explore market and infrastructure issues related to an innovative, narrow-lane commuter car under development by a major auto manufacturer. In sufficient numbers, this vehicle offers an opportunity to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure, reduce the states dependence on petroleum and lower emissions of air pollutants. The commuter car is an innovative vehicle concept that is comparable to a motorcycle in size but offers advantages similar to an automobile in comfort, utility and safety. Depending upon the customer requirements a commuter car can be designed either a three-wheel or four-wheel. Passenger emenities similar to those available in standard automobiles, including climate control systems high quality stereo systems, and passenger restraint devices, would be available as options in this commuter car. This car offers several advantages that are inherent in the design. This report presents the product specifications which are going to be designed through different softwares, material selection and the market research analysis. 2. Evolution of Hybrid Cars: A hybrid automobile is a means of transportation employing two power sources; it uses a Re-chargeable energy storage system found on board and a fuelled power source as the vehicles ambition. The hybrid car pollutes much less and uses not as much fuel. Back in 1899, Ferdinand Porsche have developed and led the way to the initial working hybrid-electric vehicle. On the other hand, there was no key vehicle manufacturer who invested in the hybrid idea and mass produced hybrid cars until the late twentieth century. The hybrid technology was mainly utilized in developing diesel-electric submarines in the course of that interim period. Yet, the submarines major objective was to conserve oxygen as opposed to spend less fuel. Throughout the later years, submarines have evolved and have begun using the nuclear power as an alternative for diesel. During the 1990s, the Toyota Prius plus the Honda Insight were the very first profitable hybrid cars available in the market. It was two of the pioneers inside the hybrid auto idea which virtually adjusted the way the world considers cars. An idealistic inventor, Victor Wouk, manufactured a hybrid electric and gas car that siphoned fuel at half the quantity as practically all the other cars becoming built then. He built the hybrid car thirty years before the Toyota Prius got the attention of the U.S. as an energy- uneasy nation. And now the striking capabilities of the creation of Wouk, the hybrid cars, are now able to be an incredibly great support relating to less gas ingestion and less air pollution. Wouk and Rosen put up a start up business particularly to develop their hybrid car thought and made it easy to be on the market and be utilized as a regular automobile that belched less harmful vapors than up-to-date vehicles. The Prius Ever since the Toyota Prius, fuel efficient car was released on the market; it has been able to remain as the premier option of hybrid cars available. It is a fact that old hybrid cars looks more like an alien automobile and cost much more than the conventional car. Yet, because of the most up-to-date technologies installed in newer versions of hybrid cars, it looks extra like a conventional car and is far less expensive than its predecessors. It is a fact that hybrid cars these days look a whole lot like conventional cars. The Civic Hybrid can get 50 miles in mere 1 gallon of gasoline. During the year 2004, Ford has developed and introduced the initial hybrid SUV that is the Ford Escape Hybrid. A year later, Toyota also introduced their line of hybrid SUV called the Highlander Hybrid. Because of the increasing requirement for hybrid cars, other auto manufacturers are now following the footsteps of the other companies who already brought out a version of their hybrid car on the market. As an example, Nissan is now going to develop and introduce a hybrid version of the Nissan Altima. Presently, over 300,000 hybrid cars are running on American roads wherein 95 percent of them are Japanese made. The hybrid vehicles are really quite distinct technologies that can both reduce financial outlay and our environment. 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID CARS: A hybrid is anything that uses two or more sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion. Two power sources set up in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. The engine and the electric motor together can turn the transmission at identical time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels as shown in the figure1. The different ways in which the power sources establish in car are describe as follows: Series Hybrid Cars. Parallel Hybrid Cars. Series-Parallel Cars. 3.1 Series Hybrid Cars: The simplest of hybrid configuration is the Series Hybrid Car. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only resource of providing power to get wheels turning. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. The Battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and regenerative braking. The engine in a series drive train is typically smaller because it only meets the average driving power demands. The battery pack in these Hybrid cars generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrid providing remaining peak driving power needs. Series hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids as the larger battery and motor with the generator add to the cost. While the engine in a conventional vehicle is forced to operate inefficiently to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in such conditions, as the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power range at near optimum efficiency , which eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Because series drive trains perform best in stop-and-go driving are primarily being considered for buses and other urban work vehicles. The figure below shows the process of series hybrid car 3.2 Parallel Hybrid Car: In parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the wheels are driven by the power generated from both the engine and the electric motor. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. Parallel hybrids use a smaller battery pack and mainly depend on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, same as that of an alternator in conventional cars. In this setup the wheels are directly connected to the engine, which eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical power to electricity and back, which makes these hybrids quite efficient on the highway. The same direct connection between the engine and the wheels that increases highway efficiency compared to a series hybrid does reduce, but not eliminate, the city driving efficiency benefits. The figure below shows the process of parallel hybrid cars 3.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid Car: This drive train merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drive trains. As a result of combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drive train) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drive train). Therefore, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often because of this dual drive train. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drive train is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system is expensive than that of a pure parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drive train has the potential to perform better than either of the systems alone. The figure below shows the series-parallel hybrid process. 4. Project Planning: As can be seen in figure 4, the project plan includes the timescale of the project as a whole, from the beginning to the end. It outlines the various stages of the project highlighting the objectives and deliverables of each part of the project. It also defines the deadlines of each stage so as to assure that the project runs as per the schedule desired. However, it has to be taken into account that all the real world situations cannot be accounted for and hence, a safety period of appropriate measure has to be incorporated into each stage or at the end of the project. This assures that the deadlines will be met even in the event of unforeseeable circumstances. The project plan in itself is not a sufficient tool to manage a project of this magnitude. Hence, various other management tools were used during the course of this project to facilitate in the timely completion and effective management of the time and resources available to the team as a whole as well as, as individuals. These management tools include Gantt chart, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Critical Path Analysis (CPA), Program Evaluation and Review (PERT), SWOT Analysis etc. 4.1 GANTT CHART: Gantt chart is a bar chart known after Henry Gantt who designed his chart in the beginning of 20th century. It shows a very clear and easily explicable manner of the project structure in terms of time and individual tasks and subtasks. The project time schedule was visualized and optimized using Gantt chart. In this case, the CHV project was divided into eleven main tasks: 1. market research, 2. technical research, 3. target setting, 4. concept development, 5. concept finalization, 6. further concept development, 7. management analysis and 8. Report. These tasks, in certain cases, are subdivided into subtasks, usually assigned to a particular group member responsible for that part. Name(s) of the member(s) working on an individual task are written near the blue bar, which represents the time duration of the task. The project Gantt Chart is shown in APPENDIX-1: 4.2 Critical Path Analysis: Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a management tool that analyzes all the tasks required for completing the project, paying specific attention to the time required for the completion of each activity. It is used to formulate, schedule and manage the various milestones or activities in the project. It was developed in the 1950s to control large defiance projects and have been used routinely from then (mindtools.com).The critical path analysis for the CHV project was useful in:- Identifying all major activities requiring time. Time required for each activity was estimated and the overall project plan. Logical sequencing of these activities. For drawing the CPA first step was listing out the major activity. The next step is to sequence the activities into a logical order based on when it must or is most likely to occur i.e. certain activities will logically proceed after an activity while certain activities will be taking place parallel to each other. After sequencing, the time period required to complete each activity was determined. Time is represented in most networks as days. The time period for each activity was calculated taking into account the suggestions made by group members and considering other factors such as how many people will be working on each task, how many working days etc. As can be seen in Table 1, the findings are recorded in table format for easy look. The table also records the sequence of the activities as series, meaning occurs after another activity, and parallel, meaning occurring along with another activity. The dependence of an activity is also mentioned in the table. Table1: From the table 1 below, a chart is drawn in Figure 5 which represents the activities in circles and the time taken to complete an activity is stated on the arrow joining two activities. From the above CPA this project requires 62 minimum numbers of days for the completion of the project. 4.3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a planning method that analysis the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for a project. SWOT is a model that helps in assessment of a firm of what it can and cannot do along with the potential opportunities and threats. In SWOT analysis the information is separated into internal and external issues and each issue is addressed. SWOT analysis is useful in helping the group in meeting its objectives and also the obstacles to overcome to meet the desired result. The SWOT analysis carried out by the group is shown below, in APPENDIX-2.. The analysis was done, the strength and weakness of the group were put down along with its opportunities available for CHV was discussed and the barriers which could prove serious for the CHV project were taken into consideration . The ways to minimize the threats were also discussed with the help of group.. 4.4 3Ps: Similar as other analysis techniques such as QFD or DFMEA, 3Ps is a management aiding method designed to help designers make better plans. The major function of 3Ps is to find disadvantages faced during a specific time for the period of the project, then to workout them. So 3P is the combination of Progress against Plan, Problems with the Progress and Plan to solve Problems. All team members knew the weakness of this project by making 3Ps and the main problems in it have to be solved. It is very useful method because it shows the current conditions of the project; especially the direction designers should pay more concentration. The disadvantage of the project is known at the beginning and makes people think about it. 5. Market research: The first step of the project, as per the Gantt chart and the project planning was market research. This includes researching on the current vehicles that are available in the market and are due to be available within the next 3-6 months. Also to be considered is the market evaluation i.e. what types of vehicles are the customers most inclined to buy and what is the most desirable from CVs. As the project specification includes that the vehicle is to be a family hatchback powered by an electric battery and IC engine, the â€Å"Chevrolet Volt† or the â€Å"Honda Insight† cars were taken as bench marking. The market research results are shown in Table 5. 5.1 Comparison of vehicles using different sources as energy: l. Petrol car: A journey of 68 miles each day consumes 2.5 gallons of fuel and takes 2 hours. Amount of energy in fuel = 5.14 x 108 joules Thermal power = 71.3 kW Mechanical power = 20 kW average Efficiency = 28% 2. Battery electric car as secondary transport. Power station efficiency 40% Electric car efficiency 80% OVERALL 32% CONCLUSION: Pollution is moved from car to power station. There is only an environmental return if the cars performance is sacrificed or the power station is non-thermal and range/performance is limited. 3. Fuel-cell electric car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to hydrogen conversion 75% Fuel-cell hydrogen to electricity 58% Electricity to mechanical power 87% OVERALL 38% (potential for 41% in 10 years) CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 88%; fuel consumption is 60% of petrol vehicle and Performance /range are as petrol vehicle. 4. Hybrid car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to electricity Via lean burn petrol engine 45% Electricity to mechanical power 90% OVERALL 40.5% CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 70% and fuel consumption is 70% of petrol vehicle with performance/range as the petrol vehicle. So from the above comparison Hybrid car is the best transport CV which reduces the pollution and fuel consumption with good performance. 6. Technical Research: The next step is the technical research. It includes researching the technologies currently available in the market for the major components of the CHV. The major components of the CHV were divided into several components as below Batteries. Motors and Controllers. Aerodynamic. Regenerative braking. IC Engine. Transmission and Safety and homologation. 6.1 BATTERIES: The battery package is an essential element of an electric vehicle. Its electrical properties determines the vehicle driving range, while its physical properties must be consider during suspension design, vehicle architecture, etc. According to Larminie and Lowry (2003), batteries are the component with highest cost, weight and volume. Generally, a battery consists of two or more electric cells, which are joined together and generate DC electricity. There are several parameters describing the properties of a battery such as internal resistance, charge capacity, energy stored [Wh] or specific energy [Wh.kg-1]. Service temperature is a very important factor influencing the battery performance. Several different types of batteries were identified during research (Larminie and Lowry 2003): Lead-acid batteries: This is widely used with main constituents lead, sulphuric acid, plastic container which are available at low cost. However, lead acid batteries have a very low specific energy. Therefore, a battery with sufficient capacity using this technology would be very heavy. As a result, lead acid batteries are used in low-cost and low-range electric vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries: These batteries have a specific energy nearly twice that of lead-acid batteries. They possess a low self-discharge capability and are able to work in wide range of temperature (-40 °C to 80 °C). The presence cadmium is considered as a major drawback. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were used in electric cars. Nickel-metal hydride batteries: As of the abbreviation NiMH, these are used in hybrid vehicles. The main principle is as like that of nickel-cadmium batteries, but the negative electrode uses hydrogen absorbed in metal hydride instead of cadmium. In addition NiMH batteries have higher specific energy. But, their self-discharge rate is relatively high which is ten times to that of NiCd. Since the reaction running in the battery is exothermic, a NiMH battery package must be cooled. Sodium-based batteries: In spite of high specific energy, sodium-based batteries have serious disadvantages that exclude it from commercial use of hybrid vehicle. Its operating temperature lies in the range of 300-350 °C. Once the battery is cooled down, it must be slowly reheated before operation and this process can take up to 24 hours. Besides, keeping the battery at its required temperature requires approximately 100 W of power. Lithium batteries: Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the latest stage in battery development providing the best performance for electric vehicles. They have a high specific energy and consequently a very low overall weight. This type of battery is used by the most recent electric vehicle available in the market (e.g. Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Tesla Roadster). The crucial disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high cost. Table 6: Battery comparison table Assumed input data ICE vehicle consumption: 4 l/100 km of diesel fuel (Volkswagen 2010) Diesel fuel specific energy: 40 kWh/kg Diesel fuel density: 0.832 kg/l ICE vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 10% EV vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 70% According to the input data, the required capacity of the battery pack is from 46 kWh to 61 kWh. According to specific energy of individual battery type the battery weight can be estimated (Table 7). For the desired range, lead acid batteries are far too heavy to be applied in a family hatchback. However, they can be considered as a cheap alternative for a low-range electric vehicle. Table 7:Battery Comparison according to range According to the table above, lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable option. If the latest technology is used (Nissan Leafs laminated Li-Ion batteries), specific energy can reach 140 kW/h (Weissler 2010), and thus the battery weight can be further reduced. In addition to this, the latest development shows a good potential in increasing Li-ion battery performance by means of nanotechnology. Furthermore, according to various prediction e.g. by The Boston Consulting Group (2010), the battery cost are about to decrease with the increase of production volume and it can be more than 50 % in the year 2020. 6.2 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERS: Motors is considered to be one of the main part of the electric vehicle .In a pure electric vehicle the motor provides the required torque directly to the wheels. However, the motor rotates at constant speed, so to vary the speed of the vehicle a potentiometer needs to be attached. The speed control of the vehicle is made possible by DC or AC (inverters) controllers. The accelerator pedal is attached to a potentiometer (variable resistor) which is further attached to the DC or AC controllers. The force on the accelerator pedal is directly proportional to the current delivered to the controller. Depending on the current supplied, the controller delivers power to the motor. The working of DC controller varies with an AC controller. For selecting a motor the main features that are important for an electric vehicle are good efficiency, high torque, low maintenance, moderate cost and easy to control. Figure 4 shows the basic layout of the motor and controller in an electric vehicle. The three motors considered for the concept were:- AC Synchronous Motor. DC Brushless Motor AC Induction Motor AC 3 synchronous motor is the latest type of motor used in electric vehicle. The main characteristic of AC 3 synchronous motor is that the motor runs at synchronous speed i.e. the field winding locks with the rotating magnetic fields and rotates along with it. The AC 3 synchronous motors has many advantages .Usually the AC induction motor works at lagging power factor but the AC 3 synchronous motor works at leading power factor which means improved efficiency and reduction in voltage drop .Accurate speed control is possible which makes synchronous motors an ideal choice .Synchronous motors have speed/torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of loads. A smooth the torque curve results in better performance of the vehicle. It has good heat dissipation and overloading capacity .The absence of magnets also reduce the cost of maintenance. Regeneration of energy is easily possible in an AC 3 synchronous motor by reversing the current. AC 3 synchronous motors has cer tain disadvantages such as it is not a self starting motor i.e. a separate motor (pony motor) is required to drive it till it reaches synchronization. Since it is relatively a new technology the price of the motor is comparatively higher. DC Brushless Motor or BLDC is the most common motor used in hybrid vehicles. A BLDC motor is similar to AC 3 synchronous motor. It has got good torque characteristics and also absence of slip. The heat dissipation and overloading characteristics is commendable for a BLDC motor. But BLDC motor is considered to be less efficient than the other three motors because of many factors. It has m

Masterful Management of the Atmosphere in Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Masterful Management of the Atmosphere in Macbeth      Ã‚   Shakespeare in his tragedy Macbeth shows himself to be a playwright who can manipulate the atmosphere at every turn in the road. The atmosphere of this play is a choreographic work of art which is synchronized with the action of the play.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that he agrees with G. B. Harrison, that this play contains one of the finest examples of atmosphere ever created in drama:    Macbeth is overwhelmed with the significance of his filthy deed. His wife is concerned only with the details of what must be done next - with facts. She has no imagination. The passage between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth after the murder is one of the finest examples of atmosphere ever created in drama."(62)    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, explains how the atmosphere of terror and fear is built up:    Macbeth is, however, not only a study of fear; it is a study in fear. The sounds and images in the play combine to give the atmosphere of terror and fear. The incantation of the witches, the bell that tolls while Duncan dies, the cries of Duncan, the cries of the women as Lady Macbeth dies, the owl, the knocking at the gate, the wild horses that ate each other, the story, the quaking of the earth - all of these are the habitual accompaniments of the willfully fearful in literature. (238-39)    Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play:    The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. K's performance of that part, the painful anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness [.

Fear and Tension in The Landlady and A Terribly Strange Bed :: Landlady Strange Bed Essays

Fear and Tension in The Landlady and A Terribly Strange Bed The two short stories 'The Landlady' and 'A Terribly Strange Bed' create fear and tension in two very separate ways. For example, A Terribly Strange Bed is a detective story where a man wins money at a gambling house, spends the night somewhere and when he lies in bed the canopy lowers trying to suffocate him. But he gets away and wants to find out why the people have made up such a machine when they could just smother him themselves and throw him in the river with no complications. Whereas The Landlady is more of a horror story because this lady seems perfectly normal and then as more evidence builds Billy Weaver then realises that the parrot, Daschund and possible recent guests have been murdered and stuffed by this friendly landlady. There are also similarities between the two stories 'The Landlady' and 'A Terribly Strange Bed' because they are both about male narrators staying away from home. Both stories have conclusions built up to that both main characters in the stories could possibly be murdered and stuffed or thrown in the river. Also both narrators in the two stories got to the guesthouse or gambling house because it is cheap and they wish to try something new. Both main characters in the stories should be suspicious of what is happening because Billy Weaver is staying at a bed and Breakfast at such a good price and seems to be the only guest there. The character in A Terribly Strange Bed should be wary because of the amount of money he has to look after from winning at the game 'Rouge et Noir'. In the Landlady the things that should be inanimate are now animate for example the bed lowers which creates tension to the short story. In The Landlady Billy has every right to be suspicious because who wouldn't be with The Landlady saying how selective she is with her guests as he is only her third, because she has also had the guests Mr Temple and Mr Mulholland. Another piece of evidence that should create tension to Billy Weaver in The Landlady is that she said 'there wasn't a blemish on Mr Temple's body' and how would she know? In my opinion this is an unusual and a scary thing to say, as it doesn't seem to make sense and sounds like she has had a relationship with Mr Temple. She also says to Billy a lot, how perfect his teeth are and how good looking she found him to be. As the plot thickens more evidence suggests that she is in fact a Fear and Tension in The Landlady and A Terribly Strange Bed :: Landlady Strange Bed Essays Fear and Tension in The Landlady and A Terribly Strange Bed The two short stories 'The Landlady' and 'A Terribly Strange Bed' create fear and tension in two very separate ways. For example, A Terribly Strange Bed is a detective story where a man wins money at a gambling house, spends the night somewhere and when he lies in bed the canopy lowers trying to suffocate him. But he gets away and wants to find out why the people have made up such a machine when they could just smother him themselves and throw him in the river with no complications. Whereas The Landlady is more of a horror story because this lady seems perfectly normal and then as more evidence builds Billy Weaver then realises that the parrot, Daschund and possible recent guests have been murdered and stuffed by this friendly landlady. There are also similarities between the two stories 'The Landlady' and 'A Terribly Strange Bed' because they are both about male narrators staying away from home. Both stories have conclusions built up to that both main characters in the stories could possibly be murdered and stuffed or thrown in the river. Also both narrators in the two stories got to the guesthouse or gambling house because it is cheap and they wish to try something new. Both main characters in the stories should be suspicious of what is happening because Billy Weaver is staying at a bed and Breakfast at such a good price and seems to be the only guest there. The character in A Terribly Strange Bed should be wary because of the amount of money he has to look after from winning at the game 'Rouge et Noir'. In the Landlady the things that should be inanimate are now animate for example the bed lowers which creates tension to the short story. In The Landlady Billy has every right to be suspicious because who wouldn't be with The Landlady saying how selective she is with her guests as he is only her third, because she has also had the guests Mr Temple and Mr Mulholland. Another piece of evidence that should create tension to Billy Weaver in The Landlady is that she said 'there wasn't a blemish on Mr Temple's body' and how would she know? In my opinion this is an unusual and a scary thing to say, as it doesn't seem to make sense and sounds like she has had a relationship with Mr Temple. She also says to Billy a lot, how perfect his teeth are and how good looking she found him to be. As the plot thickens more evidence suggests that she is in fact a

Lithium :: essays research papers

In 1817, an aging Swedish chemist was pouring over his work on a late afternoon in Stockholm, Sweden. He was analyzing a strange ore named Petalite that had been procured from an island off the coast of Sweden called Utà ¶. The ore Petalite (which is now recognized to be LiAl(Si2O5)2) had been discovered by a Brazilian scientist, Josà © Bonifà ¡cio de Andrada e Silva towards the end of the 18th century on a visit to Sweden. This Swedish scientist, Johann August Arfvedson, detected traces of an unknown substance in his sample of Petalite. This was the first discovery of Lithium. From the Greek word "lithos" meaning "stone", it was so named due to the fact that it was discovered from a mineral source; whereas the other two common Group 1 elements, Sodium and Potassium, were found in plant sources. Its symbol, Li, was taken directly from its name. Soon after stumbling upon Lithium, Arfvedson also found traces of the metal in the minerals Spodumene and Lepidolite. In 1818, C.G. Gmelin discovered that Lithium salts color flames a bright red. Neither, Gmelin or Arfvedson, however, were able to isolate the element itself from the Lithium salts. They both tried to reduce the oxide by heating it with Iron or Carbon, but neither met with the success of W.T. Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy. They managed to perform the first isolation of elemental Lithium by the electrolysis of Lithium oxide. Electrolysis is a chemical reaction, which is brought about by the passage of current from an external energy source such as a battery. In 1855, the scientists Bu nsen and Mattiessen isolated larger quantities of the metal by electrolysis of Lithium chloride. Each scientist or team of scientists had so much trouble reducing the Lithium compounds because Lithium does not exist in its elemental form in nature. It combines very easily with other elements. Lithium is a soft silvery-white lustrous metal, which can be easily cut with a knife, and it is the lightest of all known metals. It is highly reactive with water and air, and tarnishes readily when exposed to the latter due to a formation of a layer of Lithium suboxide on its surface. Because of its high rate of reaction to air, it must be stored under liquid paraffin, oil, or kerosene, which contain no air, to prevent oxidation. Lithium is detected in its compounds by the characteristic red coloration that it imparts to flames when burned, as Gmelin detected, and by spectroscopic methods.

Oresteia

The fate of Orestes lies with the powerful goddess Athena. Athena, the goddess of wisdom, law, and Justice, is the Judge for the trial of Orestes. Orestes is being tried for the murder of his mother, Clytemnestra. Orestes never states that he did not kill his mother, but instead he claims it was Justifiable homicide. Clytemnestra killed Orestes' father Agamemnon, so Orestes got revenge on her. Apollo, the son of Zeus, sides with Orestes and acts as a spokesperson and attorney for him.The Furies, ancient goddesses who are brutal creatures of revenge, represent the ghost of Clytemnestra in the play. Apollo and the Furies clash many times throughout the trial, and it makes for an exciting showdown. At the conclusion of the trial, the case is so close that not even Athena feels fit to decide Orestes' destiny. She calls upon a group of men to decide the case, and this sets the foundation of a Jury that will Judge all future murder cases. Athena casts her vote in favor of Orestes, and that will be the deciding vote if the Jurors are tied.There's a moment of suspense as the ballots are tallied, then Athena announces that the ballots are tied: Orestes is set free. The actors that led to this verdict in favor of Orestes are: males are superior to females; Zeus approved the murder of Clytemnestra; Clytemnestra broke the sacred marriage bond by murdering her husband; and the acquittal will lead to a pact between Athens and the Furies. Athena's decision to free Orestes not only changes Orestes' life, but the life of Athens for years to come.One of the dynamics that led to the Judgment in favor of Orestes is the superiority of paternity over maternity. Orestes' defense is that the murder of a woman is less significant than the murder of a man, so the killing of Clytemnestra should be seen in ight of the slaying of Agamemnon. Apollo states that a person can have a father and no mother, and points to Athena as a perfect example of this. Athena was born from Zeus' skull instea d of the womb of her mother. Apollo then argues that the father, the one who plants the seed, is the only true parent.Therefore, Orestes' slaying of Clytemnestra was warranted. Another reason Orestes' murder was Justified is because Clytemnestra killed her husband and broke the sanctified marriage bond. The Furies respond by saying Orestes' murder of his mother was worse, because he killed his own blood. Here, we ee a clash of the old and new deities: The ancient goddesses known as the Furies versus the leaders of the new school, Zeus and Apollo. The Furies stress the sacredness of family blood while Apollo stresses the sacredness of marriage.The primitive, older goddesses are defending the blood relation, as it's the fundamental link between child and parent that's handed down from generation to generation. The marriage bond is much newer than the blood bond, as marriage is a product of civilization and structure in society. â€Å"Marriage of a man and wife is fate itself, stronge r than oaths, and Justice guards its life. (L. 21 5) Apollos claiming that nothing is stronger than fate, and marriage is brought about by fate. Also, by saying that â€Å"Justice guards its life,† Apollos claiming that if someone breaks a marriage, they should have to face Justice.Because Clytemnestra broke her marriage ties by killing her husband, she should pay the price with death. Another tactor tavoring Orestes is Zeus authorized and permi ed tt the assassination of Clytemnestra. Zeus, king of the gods and embodiment of Justice, couldn't possibly have ordered something unjust. However, the Furies once again fire back, and they xpress that Zeus himself put his own father in shackles. This statement appalls Apollo, as he argues there's an enormous difference between shackling a man and murdering him. Zeus' power and dominance cannot be compared to that of any other man or god.If Zeus sanctioned the murder of Clytemnestra, then it must be validated. The last element that l ed to the outcome in support of Orestes is the acquittal would result in a treaty between Athens and Argos. The result of the trial is much to the benefit of Athena and her great city. At first, the Furies are outraged by the verdict and they promise to bring destruction to the land. After multiple attempts, Athena's finally able to reason with the Furies. She explains to them that they will be beneficiaries of Athens if they choose to come.Instead of continuing on a path of hatred and destruction, Athena offers them peace and a comfortable home. â€Å"l will embrace one home with you, Athena, never fail the city, you, and Zeus almighty' (L. 927-930). Finally, they take her up on the offer, and the Furies promise to defend Athens for it's best interests. The tone of the Furies changes from anger and hate to mercy and love. The Furies Job is to preside over Athens, and act as the citys guardians. Peace and harmony will finally reign over the mighty city of Athens.The ending to the p lay came as a major surprise, as Orestes was set free and the Furies made peace with the city of Athens. The trial of Orestes was a huge turning point in Greek society. Athena's decision to pick a Jury to decide the fate of Orestes set a precedent that is still in place today for all murder trials. All of the events that rocked the House of Atreus led to a unique connection between the Furies and Athena's wonderful city, the city of Athens. In the end, rather than destroying each other, the new deities integrated with the old to form an unbreakable bond.

Korean War Essay

I. Introduction A. Stalin died in March of 1953. 1. Korean War also ended. B. Eisenhower began a new military policy called the New Look. 1. The key was American ability to build and deliver nuclear weapons. 2. Would allow the U. S. to destroy the S. U. C. Khrushchev 1. Sputnik. a. Sent the U. S. into a deep emotional depression despite the U. S. New Look policy. D. Thesis. 1. After the Suez crisis, Eisenhower and Khrushchev could never completely trust each other again; their relations from then on became based on brinkmanship and their ability to avoid war. II. Dien Bien Phu and South Vietnam. A. Dien Bien Phu (1954) 1. Isolated garrison north of Hanoi. a. French put their best troops there and dared the Viet Minh to come after them. b. By April the French were losing. i. The fall of the garrison would mean the end of French rule in Vietnam. ii. Dulles and Eisenhower saw a victory for Communist aggression and a failure of containment. B. The Splitting of South Vietnam III. Dulles Plan (January 1954) A. Massive retaliation 1. Used as the chief instrument of containment. a. Never used for liberation. b. Used much less after the Soviets were also able to threaten the U.S. with destruction. 2. Three instances of the use brinkmanship. a. Korea (February 1953). b. Vietnam (April 1953). c. Formosa Straits (January 1955). IV. Quemoy and Matsu (January 1955) A. Eisenhower 1. Determined to hole Quemoy and Matsu. a. Believed they were integral to the defense of Formosa. i. If they fell, Formosa would fall, jeopardizing the anti-Communist barrier and putting several countries in the West Pacific under Communist influence. 2. Asked Congress for a blank check because he was afraid he wouldn’t have time to react if the Chinese attacked Quemoy and Matsu. 3. Major war scare. a. Eisenhower seriously considered dropping nuclear weapons on the China mainland. i. Chinese pressure on the islands lessened and the crisis receded. ii. Brinkmanship succeeded. V. Kremlin VI. Stability of Eisenhower’s Government A. Eisenhower 1. Improved Russian-American relations. a. Avoided war and kept the arms race at a low level. 2. Strong position. a. American GNP went up without inflation. b. NATO was intact. c. Western European economy continued to boom. d. American military bases in the Pacific were safe. e. U. S. was military superior to the S. U. VII. Khrushchev’s Secret Speech (February 1956) A. Secret speech 1. Shocked the Party Congress by denouncing Stalin’s crimes. a. Indicated that Stalinist restrictions would be loosened. 2. Russians dissolved Cominform (April 1956). 3. CIA got a copy of the speech and distributed it around the world. a. Khrushchev was forced to disband the old Stalinist Politburo in Warsaw and let Wladyslaw Gomulka, an independent Communist, take power. VIII. Suez Canal Crisis (1956) A. Suez Canal 1. U. S. withdraws support from the Aswan Dam on July 19, 1956 because of Nassar’s trading relationship with theS. U. (Soviets give Nassar guns). a. Nassar seizes the Suez Canal in response. i. British and French furious because they are dependent on the canal for oil. 2. British and French begin plans of invasion of Egypt without telling the U. S. a. Issue an ultimatum, arranged in advance with Israel. i. Warn combatants to stay away from the Suez Canal. ii. Nassar ignores the ultimatum, so Europeans begin bombing Egyptian military targets. 3. U. S. introduces a resolution in the U. N. General Assembly. a. Urge a truce and impose an oil embargo on Britain and France. b. British tried to seize the canal, but the U. S. forces them to return it to Egypt. IX. Budapest Crisis (October 1956) A. Budapest 1. Khrushchev gives power of the stalinist puppet dictators to Imre Nagy. a. The Russians also withdrew their tanks from around Budapest. 2. Nagy withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. a. Soviets attacked the Hungarians, killing thousands. b. The U. S. never considered helping the Hungarians. i. U. S. armed forces were not capable of driving the Red Army out of Hungary, except through a nuclear holocaust. ii. Hungarians left to fend for themselves against the Russians. X. Eisenhower Doctrine (July 15, 1958) A. Eisenhower Doctrine 1. Gave Eisenhower the authority to use U. S. armed forces in the Middle East if he deemed the necessity of assisting against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism. a. Sent the Marines into Lebanon to support President Chamoun. i. Intervention illustrated Eisenhower’s methods. ii. Unilateral action that risked war in support of a less democratic government threatened by pro-Nassar Arabs. iii. U. S. troops limited to taking the airfield and the capital only. XI. Sputnik (October 4, 1957) A. Sputnik 1. S. U. successfully launched the worldi â„ ¢s first man- made satellite. a. Americans angry, ashamed, and afraid. 2. The Gaither Report. a. The published findings and recommendations of the Ford Foundation. i. Presented a dark picture of the future of American security. 4. Sputnik had the effect of establishing ground rules for the Cold War. a. Soviets would not challenge the West’s vital interests. b. Eisenhower indicated that he didn’t want an arms race and was eager for datente. XII. Second Berlin Crisis (1956) A. Second Berlin crisis 1. West Berlin an economic miracle. a. Had become the greatest manufacturing city in Germany. b. Its GNP exceeded that of more than half the members of the U. N. 2. Khrushchev moved against West Berlin in late 1956. a. Feared the growing rearmament of West Germany. i. Adenauer, the West German leader, was increasing the pace of rearmament. 3. Free-city proposal. a. Turn West Berlin into a free city and would remove the troops from all alien countries. b. Eisenhower rejected proposal. i. Feared the Russians would frighten the U. S. into an arms race that would bankrupt the country. ii. Khrushchev soon began to back down.

Design Teaching

Design teaching is seen as important, both in itself and as an integrated theme running throughout environmental degree courses. One of the prime objectives is to show the requirement for incorporating the material covered in traditional environmental engineering courses within a design framework. In this way, the importance, relevance and application of water resources and environmental engineering courses can be highlighted. In addition to this, it is recognized that project-based work is important in developing student enthusiasm for engineering and can therefore provide a mechanism for maintaining the required levels of interest throughout the course (Hopkinson et al., 2008). Design projects are often carried out with the students working in groups, which can be applied to develop teamwork and effective communication.One of the major advantages of project-based design work over traditional, formal lectures is that it is student-centered, requiring active learning rather than the passive acquisition of information through lectures. Even though the material that is possible to cover within a design project is challenging in terms of both student and faculty time, it is argued that project-based work may be a more effective method for acquiring knowledge and developing understanding. The importance of authenticity in effective design teaching has been highlighted by other authors who argue that the creation of an artifact or system designed is an essential part of the educational process (Koehler and Mishra, 2005). Project-based design teaching often offers the opportunity assessing an existing design through an audit or for producing a new prototype, which would not normally be possible within a conventional lecture course. Project-based teaching, therefore, presents the extra benefit to students of dealing with real problems and it is arguably more tangible than other teaching techniques. Although formal lectures provide an important means for acquiring knowledge, it is suggested that students often have more difficulty in understanding the material and realizing the relevance in course material when it is delivered in this way alone. The educational purpose of project-based design teaching within water resources and environmental engineering degree courses are not always fully appreciated. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to discuss a range of objectives and show how they may be achieved within the perspective of a particular storm-water management design project. A shelter belt system along with a storm-water transfer management system was analyzed using calculations and formulas taught in the class. The shelter-belt technology is a proven technology being used in Germany and the Netherlands for controlling storm-water (Meurk, 2005). It was combined with the most-advanced Japanese water transfer technology (Saraswat, 2016). A group of students worked on storm-water management using different alternatives like shelter-belt technology and rainwater gardens and calculated various parameters. Students were encouraged to search for the information on the internet (like scholar.google.com, usepa.gov and uspto.gov) and other sources. Required information and guidance were provided by the instructor. The project aims to demonstrate the importance of integrating water resources and environmental engineering in the design process as well as to develop team work and communication skills. In the following sections, an outline of the project specifications is first given. The educational objectives are then presented in detail and the educational value of project based design teaching is discussed. The design process may be considered to comprise the following well-established phases: project specifications, common conceptualization, demonstration, and detail. This process pertains largely to original designs, but aspects of the overall process are also relevant to variant design into which category the current design projects in general fall. The present design projects identify a case study in variant design. The generation of design solutions requires some consideration of the original design process discussed above. But the majority of the project is concerned with the detailed design phase.

Law Sample of Essay Plan

Introduction * The 6 essential elements to form a contract is offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal bound, capacity to contract and legality of promise. * An acceptance of an offer will create an agreement. * However, not all agreements are recognized as contracts. * Agreements with no intention to create legal obligations will not create a contract. * In order to create blinding agreement acceptance must be final and unconditional. Body Paragraph 1 * Acceptance is a clear and undoubted assent to the offer and all of its terms. * The law regard as acceptance when the offeree accepted the offeror’s offer. Not acceptance is when one party disputes whether the other accepted the offer. * Acceptance is important because acceptance will lead to agreement to be formed and contract will comes into existence. Paragraph 2 * 4 rule in acceptance which are, acceptance must be clear and undoubted, offeror requirements must be met, acceptance in reliance upon the offe r and acceptance must be communicated. * Mirror image rule is the rule of contracts that prohibits an offeree from changing the terms of that offer * The alteration in terms of the offer by the acceptance voided the agreement and there will no contract exists. The rationale of the mirror image rule is to ensure the acceptance is final and absolutely unconditional so that blinding contract can be done. Paragraph 3 * Conditional or qualified acceptance is as long as the conditions are not satisfied, an acceptance give subject to a condition will not operate * A conditional acceptance is not a blinding agreement due to acceptance must be final and absolutely unconditional. * This type of acceptance operates as a counter offer, therefore this will destroy the first offer. The purpose of inserting â€Å"subject to contract† means parties does not want to be bound by the contract until it become the written contract. * This will affect enforceability due to the conditions were not been satisfied. Paragraph 4 * I) Masters v Cameron * II) Souter v Shyamba Pty Ltd * III) First Church of Christ, Scientist , Brisbane as trustee under instrument 7020202154 v Ormile Trading Pty Ltd * IV) Teviot Downs Estate Pty Ltd & Anor v MTAA Superannuation Fund (Flagstone Cheek and Spring Mountain Park) Property Pty Limited * V) Redowood Pty Ltd v Mongoose Pty Ltd VI) Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth * VII) Godecke v Kirwan * VIII) Niesmann v Collingridge * The past case decisions have shown clear guidelines on what is conditional acceptance Conclusion * Acceptance can occur when there is exist of an offer and through acceptance, blinding agreement will be made. * I agree that blinding agreement can be create through final and absolutely acceptance. * This is to ensure that both parties will not make any loses and prevent injustice to occur. The past case decision can be used due to its accuracy that given out fair and justice to the both parties. (506 Words) Bibliography Book 1) David Parker and Gerald Box, Business Law For Business Student 2011 (Lawbook Co, 1st ed, 2011) 2) Stephen Graw, An Introduction to the law of Contract (LBC Information Services, 3rd ed,1998). Case Law 1) Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1955) 93 CLR 546 (Privy Council) 2) Redowood Pty Ltd v Mongoose Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 32 (Spigelman CJ, Tobias JA and Bryson JA)

Greek influences on the modern world Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek influences on the modern world - Term Paper Example The innovations by Greek scholars and critiques against mythical beliefs led to an improved understanding of the world and the occurrences within it. The Greeks were the first emancipators of thought. Philosophers such as Thales were revolutionaries of thought. They came up with explanations to counter mythical beliefs and developed practical solutions to solve problems in the society. Pythagoreans helped develop mathematics (Pythagoras, 54). Early cosmologists who studied the universe were also Greek. Another Greek, Hippocrates, made great advances in the field of medicine. Philosophy and Astronomy The whole field of philosophy as practiced today can be attributed to the Greeks. They practically invented everything to do with this field of study. Philosophy refers to the love of wisdom and knowledge. Modern way of thinking that is based on rationality rather than beliefs was established by the Greeks. Thales of Miletus is considered the father of philosophy (Aristotle, 52). The mode rn day explanations of phenomenon such as lightning and earthquakes are attributed to these early thinkers. This is because they were the ones that questioned the mythical view that the gods were in control of nature. The Ionian Philosophy established by the Greek was the first to study the causes of nature without inclusion of gods in its studies. The advancements made in the field of astronomy can also be attributed to the works of the Greeks. They developed the first theories that tried to explain how the universe was formed. These scholars who were at the time referred to as cosmologists also gave explanations as to the causes of other aspects of nature such as winds, lightning and rain (Aristotle, 52). Mathematics and Science Mathematics is highly essential at this modern time. Most day to day operations in the modern world involve some aspect of mathematics from basic operations to highly complex ones. The Pythagoreans devoted themselves to the development and advancement of m athematics. They also believed that there was some form of mathematical order in nature. This was to be empirically demonstrated by Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein more than two thousand years later (Pythagoras, 54). Pythagoras and other Ionian philosophers developed the earliest form of geometry. The Pythagoras theorem taught in school up to this day was developed long ago by the Greeks. Another example is the Archimedes principle in Physics. Though developed a long time ago, it is still in use today. Science today involves a lot of observation and research work. Premises and accompanying conclusions are made based on solid evidence. This practice was developed by the Ionian Philosophers of Greece and is the basis upon which modern research is conducted. Medicine The field of medicine has seen much advancement over the years. Cures have been developed for diseases that were thought to be incurable. Modern man has been able to cope with disease outbreaks and develop cures thanks to the work of Greeks such as Hippocrates. Considered the father of medicine, Hippocrates, led other medical doctors in Greece to condemn magical practices and beliefs of the time. They said that the mythical beliefs hindered understanding of diseases. An example is the rejection of the belief that epilepsy was a sacred disease hence not curable. Such denunciations are what led to research into what causes these diseases how to develop of the cures. Scholars such as

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS - Essay Example ent by taking into consideration the concepts of capital maintenance and also analyse the general purpose of financial statements while considering the information provided in the key components of financial statements. In a wide systems-based perspective, an organisation is part of a much broader social system: the entity is presumed to be persuaded by, and, in effect, to have power on, the society wherein it operates (RudÃ… ¾ionienÄâ€" 2006, p. 52). Therefore, an organisation must pay attention to the expectation of specific users of accounting information so as to gratify the interests of all users (customers, employees, suppliers, capital providers, all users, regulators and foreign suppliers and customers) in order to acquire information for their decision-making. Stakeholders need truthful and informative accounting information for them to make the accurate decisions (RudÃ… ¾ionienÄâ€" 2006, p. 52). Enterprise’s financial accounting regulation (as an entity of accounting methods, principles and rules used for accounting and preparing and presenting financial statements) making process, according to Deegan (2003, p. 19) is vital, not just for the firm’s management, but for stak eholders, as well, who utilise the financial accounting data. Nevertheless, there is an inverse relation in that stakeholder’s interests might persuade a firm’s financial accounting law-making. The key elements of financial accounting law-making, according to Deaconu, Nistor, & Popa (2009, p. 40) are financial accounting policy selection, as well as its full disclosure in financial statements. The full disclosure financial accounting policy in financial statements is significant for stakeholders, as well: financial statements must be made, not just for regulators and investors, but also for other significant and non-significant stakeholders in order for a company to feel accountable in the community or society where it performs. Stakeholders require truthful and informative accounting

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Marketing - Essay Example Marketing also includes system of management that identifies, anticipates and supplies customers’ requirements efficiently and profitably. Marketing objectives rotates around meeting the needs and wants of customers. It is an organization broad activity that involves a process of keenly analyzing customers’ needs, and getting ways to provide goods and services to meet those needs. Effective marketing does not only provide customers with products and services, but also successfully provides changing benefits to the changing needs and demands to various consumers (Stahlberg, 2009). Elements of Marketing Concepts Marketing concepts introduces new requirements to the product development process. An organization that uses marketing idea to improve it products starts with market research. It tries to look for consumers wants that has not been met in the market. It also link with consumers, to investigate the type of products they would like to be supplied with. This helps the organization to know what customer wants even before moving to the next step of creating new products. For a company to fully incorporate marketing concepts in its operation, it has to fully observe every element that is involved in marketing concepts. These elements are; ethics, consumer psychology and marketing mix. I. Ethics This refers to the psychological effect that marketer’s impact to the consumers. This influence always introduces marketers’ to the field of legal guidelines and ethical challenges. For a successful business, marketers must complement and maintain honesty when dealing with customers. They must avoid actions that can affect consumers demand. II. Consumer Psychology Mostly every facet of marketing is guided by consumer psychology and behavior. Marketers have realized that consumers can be driven by advertisement in making a decision on what to purchase. They have identified that a desire for a service or product can be kindled in a customer who w ould otherwise have no such desire. This has influenced marketers to keenly developed advertisement that have a psychological and emotional impact to the consumer (Sullivan & Adcock, 2002). III. The Marketing Mix This involves all elements of marketing. Some popular components of the marketing mix are; advertising, sales, promotion, public relation and to some degree product development. Characteristics of Marketing Oriented Organization The main purpose of marketing oriented company is to ensure that they keep a close relationship with their customers. This gives the company competitive edge to stay ahead of their competitors. Some of the distinctive features that define marketing oriented organizations include; shared values, organization, stakeholders and ultimately policy. All the decisions made by this business oriented organizations should consider the customers demand first. They should ensure that they share common values of high quality products with the customers. These or ganizations also have few levels in their organization structure. Their policies are clear and unambiguous to understand and apply. They always have a long term strategies that are flexible and participative. These companies always put stakeholders’ expectation first before they begin to make some critical and dynamic organization decisions. Benefits and Cost of Tesco Fresh and Easy Tesco fresh and Easy sell its products at a lower prices compared to other companies. This has been

Name etymology theme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Name etymology theme - Essay Example Neither of these names is rare or unusual for my country, yet there are some interesting points to concentrate upon while researching their etymology. First of all, I would like to mention that my first name, Mai, actually exists in several different cultures and languages. For instance, Mai is as popular Japanese name meaning "brightness" (www.babynames.com). In some languages of the Native Americans, Mai meant "coyote" (www.babynameworld.com). Mai can be regarded as a pet name from Margaret (from Latin "pearl") or Mary (from Hebrew "bitter" or Latin "the star of the ocean"). The name Mai exits in the Swedish and Chinese languages as well. In Vietnam, the names given to the girls normally have literal meanings associated with beauty or art - very often the etymology of the names is connected with the names of flowers, plants or birds. So, my name Mai in Vietnamese means "cherry blossom". (Female Vietnamese names) In Vietnamese, Mai is a very popular name for girls, and as far as my family's history is concerned, the reason why I was given this name was that my Dad obviously wanted me to be very much like my Mum whose middle name is Mai as well, and therefore he insisted that I should be named this way. Thi is, according to the research, the most popular female middle name, and it means "ancestry", "clan".

Critical thinking case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical thinking case study - Essay Example 1. Assumes that the new product would help in restoring the old glorious status of AcuScan in the market. 2. Pat assumes that in order to thwart competition, the product must be announced and deployed within eight months 3. Assumes Secur-A Corporation is looking into this new retail opportunity and will come up with "some kind" of retail application in few months time. 4. Assumes that if others disagree with her that means they are not committed to the project and are trying to hamper the progress of the new product. 5. Assumes that producing a new product by August will not be difficult since AcuScan already has iScanner that can help in building the new product faster. 6. Predicts little investment on the part of staff's time and energy, which was one of the concerns, cited by Kelly. 7. Pat is looking for bringing out a new product in the market even if its not high quality for she feels that it's better to be first in the market than being high on quality. 8. Assumed customers would love the new product and actually felt they would be thrilled no matter what the product was. 9. Assumed I was "nit-picking" when tried to gather information. 10. Assumed project could be lent to outside contractors so that it would be finished on time. 11. Sees herself as a leader and a visionary and thus she must communicate her "dream" to everyone else. Chris Martinas - Vice President of Product Development 1. Agrees with Pat on some of her assumptions. a. Secure-A Corporation may come out with a product soon. b. Like Pat, Chris also sees minimal investment of existing staff's time since new product is a modified version of the existing old product. c. Must enter the market fast since speed is the main concern and not quality. d. This new product will help the company attain... 1. Kelly Thomas is of the view that Pat Lambert should not be assigned leadership since she doubts Pat's ability to lead. Kelly assumes that Pat doesn't possess the qualities required to lead "Operation Optimize" since Pat has irrelevant previous experience in a cereal industry. 2. Since Pat was unable to comprehend the term "QC," Kelly assumes Pat has no knowledge of quality control and the difficulties associated with the same. Thus she feels it would be impossible to produce a new product under her guidance. Cliff O'Connor: Cliff believes that a new product would "recapture our position as a market leader with our technology." Cliff further argues that AcuScan needs Pat's creativity. He views "Operation Optimize" as not something too different from the old product iScanner. Pat Lambert: Argues that iScanner should be modified and should be launched in a non-vertical market and sees this as the only viable solution for long-term growth. Pat argues that Kelly initially said it was easier to build on the existing product and create a new product from an old one. Finally, Pat also needs additional funding to hire an outside contractor for the completion of this product on time. After analyzing the situation

Physical Educations Assignment (Strength and flexibility programme)

Physical Educations (Strength and flexibility programme) - Assignment Example Stronger muscles boots ones posture, which relaxes the body organs including neck, shoulder, hips and abdominal muscles (The Training Station, 2013). Flexibility training program reduces ones exposure to risk of injury and improves the body’s physical performance. Continued stretching promotes supply of blood to all the muscle tissues, delivery of essential nutrients to the blood stream, increase of joint synovial fluid, transportation of nutrients in the joints is promoted by the lubricating fluid (Canfitpro). Entire flexibility training of the body leads to reduced soring of muscles, improved physical performance. Exercises as yoga helps relax mind and body stress (Skinny). It was ensured there was no state of inactivity during the exercise period; overload was proofed to arouse adaptation, when high level of fitness where achieved intensity was further used to promote

It ask to look critically at a contemporary social or cultural issue Essay

It ask to look critically at a contemporary social or cultural issue - Essay Example However, with societys liberalization came the dawn of a new age where homosexuals declared openly their sexual preference for same sex partners. They lobbied for social acceptance by challenging legislative statutes, and proceeded to sensitize people about their inherent right to express themselves freely. Consequentially, society remains divided on whether to accept or reject same sex couples. Discussed below includes a brief overview of the history of the gay movement detailing challenges homosexuals face and milestones they managed to overcome. This discussion also tries to analyze the context of homosexuality in contemporary society by analyzing the international reactions on homosexuality. Anthropological research on ancient societies spanning across the globe reveal homosexualitys prevalence. Murray & Roscoe (2011) advanced that homosexuality was consistent and common among African societies. According to these anthropologists, societies refrained from shunning such acts because they deemed them permissible. This explained why some of their leaders engaged in homosexuality; for example, King Mtwapa II, leader of the Baganda kingdom located in Uganda engaged in sexual relations with other men. Presently, modernization of society continues to redefine individuals perspectives on homosexuality. Majority remain ignorant of their past influences leading to irrational deductions. Moreover, religious doctrines influence peoples views on morality by differentiating between right and wrong. Therefore, issues pertaining to same sex relationships are immoral and shunned by societies built on conservative, religious values. Finally, legislative restrictions also continue to shap e perspectives on homosexuality. The laws of any country reflect the countrys cultural and religious views. Consequentially, countries with strict religious backgrounds and conservative cultures institute legislations that prohibit behaviors that deviate from

Children Life Essay Example for Free

Children Life Essay 1.1 Mention the characteristics and needs of children that should be taken into account when selecting suitable literature. Emotions: Identification: A child must be able to identify with the story. Enjoyment: They must be able to enjoy the story. Moderate emotion: should show some emotion. Security: Child should feel safe. Intellectual Abilities: The story must be logical (as much as possible) it should also be systematic and consistent. It is more convincing when written from child’s point of view. Normative development: Should be based on natural feeling for values, without any serious and obvious moralizing. 1.2 What is the value of media in telling a story? Mention five (5) points. Can improve the young child’s visual literacy – e.g. – red light means stop. Can improve visual skills – Acquires the skill of Depth perception. Will help achieve a better understanding of new concepts – pictures are a representation of reality; provide a bridge between the real representation of something and its abstract image. Can stimulate children to use creative language – can let them discuss interesting aspects of an illustration. Can advance the reading readiness of the child. – they need to make fine discriminations and to interpret a series of symbols in order to read and spell. 1.3 Explain how a child’s language development can be improved by telling and reading stories. List your points. Expanding vocabulary Improving oral Language Using Creative Language Creating a desire to read Listening skills 1.4 How does poetry foster development in young children? Refer to four (4) instances. Can be used to further the child’s total development Intellectual Conscious Emotional Imaginative 1.5 How does children’s literature promote intellectual development? Mention  five (5) ways. In aiding their discovery and refinement of new concepts. Cultivating their proficiency in a range of thinking processes. Furthering their ability to reason logically. Fostering their critical thinking. Introducing them to problem solving. Question 2 Discuss the characteristics of children in the following age groups and explain how this influences the choice of suitable literature. 2.1 Babies 2.2 Children aged one to three years 2.3 Children aged four to five years 2.4 Children in grade R 2.5 Children in the Foundation Phase 2.6 Babies: 2.7 Characteristics 2.8 Influences of suitable Literature They are busy discovering the world around them. They need continual repetition of what they know and what is familiar. Babies can only give their attention to an activity for a short time. It is vital for them to hear language. Simple pictures of objects so they will recognize them from their immediate environment. Not much details in pictures, only one subject. They should sit on your lap so their need for physical contact can be met. Pages should be strong so they cannot be damaged easily. Children aged one (1) to three (3) years: Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Rapid language development their vocabulary expands quickly, sentences put together become more correct and complete. Enormously interested in everything that happens around them. Enjoy repetition. Likes bright, cheerful colors and pictures. Becoming more skillful, can pick up something with their fingers. Beginning to take an interest in people, things and animals that is not a part of everyday life. Picture books from baby years still favorites. Picture books can now have themes outside immediate environment. Pictures should be bright, cheerful colors and can include a certain amount of detail. From 2 years, children are able to enjoy simple story books. Enjoy simple stories include a lot of repetition. Children of this age want to look at book themselves – ensure strong pages. Children aged four (4) to five (5) years: Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Interest has broadened to include more than themselves and environment. Interest in other people. Cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. 4 year old enjoy comical language, word games and words that represent sound. Enjoy obvious, silly jokes and often behave in rather silly ways themselves. Love exaggeration even when telling it themselves. Children of this age can now sit quietly and can concentrate for longer. Enjoys stories about â€Å"unknown†. Themes outside environment are perfectly appropriate. They enjoy and understand stories about events that â€Å"could† happen, however improbable. Funny stories, silly and full of exaggeration. Stories/books about people, animals and objects how to grow. They can look at a book for a longer period of time, and can listen attentively for longer. Favorite stories of 3 – 4 therefore suitable for this age group – not for long. Children in grade R Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature This age allows for broadening children’s understanding of the word around  them. 5 – 6 year olds can distinguish between fantasy and reality. Very inquisitive and eager to learn. Enjoy new discoveries and adventures. 6 year olds are no longer egocentric, and already have a more objective view of themselves and the world around them. 6 year olds begin to take an interest in no words and letters. 6 year olds with lots of exposure to books are keen and ready to be introduced to reading activities. 5 – 6 enjoys fantasies Like stories and books that convey info in a straight forward way. Simple adventure stories and books are suitable. Themes deal with less familiar, such as children from other countries. Children in the Foundation Phase Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Children starting school are starting to read and gradually improve their mastering of this skill. When they start school they have a good grasp of the difference between fantasy and reality – of what can happen. Increasing responsible realization of right and wrong, and they begin to express their own judgment of right and wrong. Friends become extremely important and have an enormous influence on what a child wishes to do. Children develop an interest in hobbies – particularly in things they themselves can make or do. Stories with simple text that they can read. Enjoy fantasy tales, particularly those that are exaggeratedly â€Å"marvelous† (Roald Dahl) Books featuring descriptive language are also enjoyable, their stories must contain plenty action. Enjoy stories that teach them how to make things such as cook books. Humorous books.