Ayashi no Ceres :: essays research papers

Ayashi No Ceres (Suspicious Ceres)Aya Mikage and Aki Mikage are hanging out with their friends and they make Aya go and get her fortune t hoary. Her fortune is about how when she turns 16, her life will be turned upside down and a dark star will printing her fate. She doesnt know what the woman was talking about but she was right. Then when they are walking across a bridge a man steals an old ladys purse and Aya runs after the man. When she gets the purse she falls over the edge of the bridge and then is saved by a mysterious force. The wickedness before her and Akis birthday their parents tell them that they are to come straight home from school because theyre going to their grandpas house to mention their birthday. When Aki and Aya arrive their whole family is there and they are all sitting around a table. A man gives them a box and Aya is cautious in initiative it. Aki takes it from her and opens it. Once he does Aya feels a mysterious presence over her and then she sees image s in her head. Once she comes to, she looks at Aki and hes shaking. Then he gets a bunch of slashes all over his skin and hes bleeding everywhere. The test that Ayas family put her up to is true. The celestial being named Ceres is in Aya. The rest of the family leaves and Aya and her grandpa and her father are still in the room. Ayas father is suppose to shoot her, yet as he struggles, he tells her to competitiveness her fate and her grandpas hit man shoots her father in the head. Aya screams and Ceres takes over her body and kills almost everyone in the room with a vast energy blast. Aya doesnt remember what happens and wakes up in a tree. Tooya, a man who saved her from getting hit by a car, finds her there and kisses her to resolution her from screaming when hit men are walking around looking for Aya to kill her. Suzumi sends her brother-in-law, Yuuhi to go and get Aya. He does and Yuuhi brings her back to the Aogiri household. Suzumi explains to Aya whats going on. Aya is of the line of business that has a Tennyo (Angel/Fairy) blood. She tells how the Mikage have killed countless women in the family who show signs of Ceres being in them.

Male and female gender constructs Essay -- Egalitarianism, Gender Diff

Our cultural beliefs dictate that there argon only 2 biological sexes corresponding to two genders (New human being, 2001). The male and female constructs often carry with them misconceptions and stereotypes, such as the belief that gender and sex are synonymous or that gender assigned at birth indicates a specific preference for toys, interest, clothes, and eventual erotic attraction (Newman, 2001). Males are expected to exhibit masculine personality traits and be attracted to women while females are expected to exhibit feminine personality traits and be attracted to men. Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits increases steadily in middle adolescence, becoming adult resembling around age 11 (Berk, 2010). For example, children regard tough, aggressive, rational, and dominant as masculine and gentle, sympathetic, and dependent as feminine (Berk, 2011). Male and female gender constructs are considered the norm, and any other combination of biologi cal sex, gender, and sexuality is commonly considered unnatural or pathological (Mintz, & O Neil, 1990 Newman, 2002).patronage cultural beliefs, other gender and sexual role combinations are possible. A child whose biological sex is that of a typical female cease kick in a gender identity of a boy and as an adult, this person may self- happen upon as transgender or homosexual and live as a man Newman, 2001(). On the other hand, a biological male can have a gender identity of a boy/man, be attracted to other men, and identify as gay (Newman, 2001). It is not necessary for people who feel attracted to others of the same gender to express any gender nonconformity (). Gay men can be comfortable in their male bodies and exhibit no gender variant behaviors, just as ... ...dentity disorder Treatment and post-transition care in transsexual adults. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 18, 147-150.Gibson, B. & Catlin, A. ( 2011). Care of the child with the desire to change gender Part 1 . Urologic Nursing,31, 222-229.Berk, L. (2010). Development through the lifespan. Allyn & Bacon MA.Vasey, P. & Bartlett, N. (2007). What can the samoan faafafine teach us round the western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 481-490.Mintz, L.B., & ONeil, M. (1990). Gender roles, sex, and the process of psychotherapy Many questions and fewer answers. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 381-387.Newman, L.K. (2001). Sex, gender, and culture Issues in the definition, assessment, and treatment of gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 352-359.

The Loss of the Ideal in A Tale of a Tub Essay -- Tale of a Tub Essays

A history of a Tub is a wad of text seemingly thrown together with the declare oneself of deliberately confusing the reader, but its digressions upon digressions cannot mask the inevitable theme of loss, which is ultimately found in completely of Swifts works. The satire holds the present against an ideal of past perfection, and the comparison always shows the modern to be lacking. The church adulterates religion moderns, the ancients critics, the author. The fibber of Swifts text seems to retrieve that the moment a great work or idea is put forth, it can be pure, but will always degrade with time. Because it is impossible to degenerate to this former state, there is a heavy sense of disappointment that weighs down the more transparent wit and humor. The entire tale could be nothing more than a joke, which is aimed at not only the moderns and the church, but the audience as well.1 But no matter how many quips or crude attacks Swift makes, the purpose of the story is not just t o laugh at the expense of others, but to mourn the fall of an ideal that can never exist again. It is impossible to take to an original source in the Tale because it seems as if the narrator holds a model of a linear time-line in his head. As time passes, the distance amongst each passing moment and the originating point must increase, and any attempt to return to the beginning must fail. Just as it is impossible for someone lifetime in the eighteenth century to return to the first, a man who is taught to be a modern can never think exactly like an ancient. Because of this view, the narrator can almost be seen as a modern-day phenomenologist. This philosophy asserts the impossibility of observing any object as it actually is, since the viewer is confused from the obje... ...m must fall short of the original. And if his talent cannot be used to add to the glory of the classics, then it might as well be used to chasten the moderns. If all writing is ultimately a corruption of t hat which preceded it, as the narrator seems to believe, then it is better to write of something that is despised rather than revered. At times the Tale appears to be nothing more than a prank, due to all of the digressions and unintelligible passages that are inserted. Swift states that he is giving his readers exactly what they want, because mankind receives much great Advantage by being Diverted than Instructed, and happiness is a perpetual Possession of being well Deceived (327, 351). Swift views this as the exact problem that is ruin current learning, and puts it under the readers nose to frustrate them with the same method they are promoting

Accrual Accounting vs. Cash Accounting Essay -- Financial Accounting B

The recording of financial activities in a business is essential in making sure accurate randomness is provided for decision making. Zafirakis (20054) states that Accrual accounting is the cornerstone of modern accounting procedures. In this essay, the importance of accrual accounting result be considered by looking at how it functions in the Double Entry System and comparing it to bullion accounting, another method of gathering financial information. Time and an accurate accounting measurement is what will be considered in determining the importance of accrual accounting. Double-entry accounting is used to develop accounting data. From this data, we can determine the performance of a business by calculating its profit, revenues - expenses. Juchau et al (2004F146) states that double-entry accounting is necessary for the accounting equation to be kept in balance. That is the five types of accounts, Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Revenues and Expenses must equate Assets = Liabiliti es + Equity + Revenues - Expenses, this is the accounting equation. These accounts atomic number 18 recorded in the General Journal as entries and posted to the General Ledgers as T-accounts.Recording of these accounts are governed by Debit and Credit rules. When an asset or expense increases, it is considered a debit, when either of the two accounts decreases, it is considered a creed. Liabilities, equity and revenues can be considered the opposites to assets and expenses in that they form a debit when decreased and a credit when increased. From this, a duality of recording is formed since every event of recording a transaction involves recording one debit and one credit. For example, Famous Zamous, a cookie comp any(prenominal) sold $1000 worth of cookies on th... ...ugh the sale was made on the 1st of Jan, the cash measurement of accounting has failed to show any activity on the 1st of Jan. This results in a distorted report of financing operations of Famous Zamous. Similarly, net profit for the month of January in cash accounting would have differed from that of the accrual measurement, being that revenues and expenses recorded are of different balances, cash accounting being that of lacking information.In conclusion, accrual accounting is the bust system as it provides a more accurate account of the operations and performances of a business. BibliographyJuchau R., Flanagan J., Mitchell G., Tibbits G., Ingram R.W., Albright T.L., Baldwin B.A. & Hill J.W. 2004 Accounting information for Decisions Australia Thomson Zafirakis, M. 2005 Accounting Handbook Australia Trinity College Foundations Studies political program

Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay -- Architecture History Essays

Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals The Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for umteen reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedrals. at that place are several reasons the computer architecture of the cathedral changed from Romanesque to Gothic in the Middle Ages.The Romanesque period lasted from 1000 to 1200 AD. Todays France was the center of Romanesque architecture and the birthplace of one of the most beutiful features of gallant architecture, the ambulatory with radiating chapels. Romanesque is the name we give to christian architecture in Western Europe from the end of the Roman Empire to about the close of the 12th century. It is the architecture of a long period of struggle, suffering, and invenion leading to two centuries of glorious achievement. There are many reasons that the Romanesque cathedrals were built. They were built not only as a place of worship, but also to house the shrines of the relics brought back from the Holy Land by the Crusades. The remains of saints and martyrs attracted thousands of pilgrims seeking pardon from sins or miraculous cures or wished alone to pay homage to a favorite saint.The Romanesque period was an age of new and experimental architecture. One advancement in construction was the shift to all-stone structure that replaced the baseball bat ceilings that caused many churches to burn down. One experimental architectural style was the use of stone barrel and groined vaults in the early Romanesque church. The stone vaulting let the architects have on a larger scale than before.The Gothic style emerged out of architectual style of the Romanesque cathedrals. The Gothic style started in northern France and spread throughout gothic Europe. The two styles of architecture were similar in many ways but also The difference between Gothic and Romanesque architecture is the spiritual approach. In Romanesque,the fury was on transcendental and feudalistic systems whereas in the Gothic this approach was humanized and... ...le. They were successful at accomplishing this that not only did the cathedral serve its purpose of providing church operate for the people, but also began to symbolize a commanding position in the lives of men and women.In conclusion, the Romanesque period of architecture transformed into the Gothic period of architecture for amny reasons. The shift occurred because of the inventions that the Gothic architects created, the locations of the two different styles of architecture, the raising of money for the cathedrals, and the competitiveness between the communities to havea be tter, bigger cathedral.Works CitedBrooks, Chris.The Gothic Revival. LondonPhaidon Press Ltd.,1999.Erlande, Alain. The CathedralThe societal andArchitectual Dynamics of construction.New YorkCambridge University press,1994.Simson von,Otto. The Gothic Cathedral Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order. PrincetonPrinceton University press,1988.Cathedrals. Kristen Schank. 5 dec. 1995. http//www5.palmnet.net/eschank/cathedral.htmlGothic Architecture in EnglandThe cathedrals. Amy Johansen. 9 may 1999. http//members.tripod.com/gothic_architecture/index.html

The Custom Woodworking Company Case Study Essay -- Project Management

Table of ContentsI. Introduction3II. Custom Woodworking Company Corporate indite 3 III. Opportunity 4IV. come out Concepts5V. Case muse Proposal 5VI. Project Processes and Knowledge Areas 6VII. Project Planning 7VIII. Quality 8IX. Cost Estimating 9X. Risk Identification and Management 10XI. Facility Startup and Project Closeout 11XII. Conclusion 12XIII. Bibliography 13I. IntroductionThe Custom Woodworking Company (CWC) was founded in 1954 by Ron Woody Carpenter. Woody, after an apprenticeship as a cabinet maker, started his own small woodworking business, specializing in furniture manufacturing. Due to the high quality of the craftsmanship, CWC gained a reputation for their high quality and attractively designed furniture. Since that time, CWC has grown in to a successful mid-size organization, providing some(prenominal) lines of furniture to wholesalers and retail centers, as well as producing and supplying cabinets for resid ential construction contractors.Throughout the years, CWC has steadily prospered and has created a loyal staff and work force. pot Carpenter, Woodys son, has recently joined the CWC team after completing business degree. Under his strong guidance, CWC has moved into the commercial construction industry, supplying and facility countertops, cabinets, and other fixtures in commercial developments. CWC currently possesses a high reputation for supplying millwork to the construction industry.II. Custom Woodworking Company Corporate Profile posture Someplace, NYBusiness Furniture manufacturing, ... ...ovartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (2013). Project Management Handbook A Working Tool for Project Managers. ONLINE Available at http//www.novartisfoundation.org/chopine/apps/Publication/getfmfile.asp?id=613&el=808&se=1800744&doc=44&dse=4. Last Accessed 20 April 2014.PMBOK, (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). 5th ed. Newtown Square, PA Project Management Institute, Inc..Project Management Institute (PMI) (2013). Project Management Professional (PMP) Handbook. ONLINE Available at http//www.pmi.org/certification//media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx. Last Accessed 20 April 2014.Wideman, M., (1993). Project Management Case Study The Custom Woodworking Company - Woody 2000 Project. ONLINE Available at http//www.maxwideman.com/papers/woody2000/intro.htm. Last Accessed 24 April 2014.

The Custom Woodworking Company Case Study Essay -- Project Management

Table of ContentsI. Introduction3II. Custom woodworking connection Corporate Profile 3 III. Opportunity 4IV. forecast Concepts5V. Case Study Proposal 5VI. visit Processes and Knowledge Areas 6VII. Project Planning 7VIII. Quality 8IX. Cost Estimating 9X. Risk Identification and Management 10XI. Facility Startup and Project Closeout 11XII. Conclusion 12XIII. Bibliography 13I. IntroductionThe Custom Woodworking Company (CWC) was founded in 1954 by Ron Woody Carpenter. Woody, after an apprenticeship as a cabinet maker, started his give birth small woodworking business, specializing in furniture manufacturing. Due to the high quality of the craftsmanship, CWC gained a reputation for their high quality and attractively designed furniture. Since that time, CWC has grown in to a successful mid-size organization, providing several lines of furniture to wholesalers and retail centers, as well as producing and supplying cabinets for resi dential construction contractors.Throughout the years, CWC has steadily prospered and has created a faithful staff and work force. John Carpenter, Woodys son, has recently joined the CWC team after completing business degree. Under his strong guidance, CWC has moved into the technical construction industry, supplying and installing countertops, cabinets, and other fixtures in commercial developments. CWC currently possesses a high reputation for supplying millwork to the construction industry.II. Custom Woodworking Company Corporate ProfileLocation Someplace, NYBusiness Furniture manufacturing, ... ...ovartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (2013). Project Management Handbook A Working Tool for Project Managers. ONLINE Available at http//www.novartisfoundation.org/platform/apps/Publication/getfmfile.asp?id=613&el=808&se=1800744&doc=44&dse=4. Last Accessed 20 April 2014.PMBOK, (2013). A guide to the project management body of experience (PMBOK guide). 5th ed. Newtown Sq uare, PA Project Management Institute, Inc..Project Management Institute (PMI) (2013). Project Management Professional (PMP) Handbook. ONLINE Available at http//www.pmi.org/certification//media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx. Last Accessed 20 April 2014.Wideman, M., (1993). Project Management Case Study The Custom Woodworking Company - Woody 2000 Project. ONLINE Available at http//www.maxwideman.com/papers/woody2000/intro.htm. Last Accessed 24 April 2014.

Proposed Technique for Sidelobes Suppression

Chapter 4PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR SIDELOBES SUPPRESSIONAs seen in gray-haired chapters, there are many sidelobes suppression techniques proposed but most of these proposed sidelobe suppression techniques are non good balanced between the complexness and public presentation. The available techniques experience their ain advantages and disadvantages in footings of design, execution or whitethorn impact the other factors which con terms in hapless overall efficiency.So in this thesis work we are suggesting Correlative cryptology as another sidelobes one of the suppression method acting which cornerstone be utilized for cut downing the sidelobes power significantly. Before that, vacate us see some basic thought about correlativity cryptanalytics.So far, we have considered the inter symbol intervention as an inauspicious happening which produces a debasement in the frame public presentation. Undeniably, its name itself describes a nuisance consequence.However, by adding inter symbol intervention to the familial foretoken in a controlled or known mode, it is possible to accomplish a spot rate of 2B0spots per second in a channel of bandwidth B0Hz. These techniques are calledcorrelate cryptanalysisorpartial- rejoindersignaling techniques. Since, correlate cryptography strategy is based on the sum of ISI introduced into familial signal. So, the sum of ISI in familial signal is known. The consequence of this ISI can be compensated at the receiving system from the known measure of the ISI.Duo double star program program program signalingThe basic thought of correlate cryptography will now be illustrated by sing the specific illustration of duobinary signaling, where duo implies duplicating of the transmitting capacity of a consecutive double star system. See a binary scuttlebutt sequence BK dwelling of uncor link up binary figures distributively establishing continuance TBseconds, with symbol 1 represented by a meter of bounty +1 V, and symbol O by a pulsa tion of amplitude -1 V. When this sequence is applied to a duobinary encoder, it is converted into three-level close product, viz. , -2, 0 and +2 Vs. To train forth this transmutation, we may utilize the strategy shown in figure 4.1. enter 4.1 Duobinary signaling strategy.The binary sequence BK is first passed through a fair perk affecting a individual hold component. For every unit neural impulse applied to the input of this filter, we get two unit impulse spaced TBseconds apart at the filter end product. We may therefore show the figure level CelsiusKat duobinary programmer end product as the amount of the present binary figure BKand its old value Bk-1, as shown byCK=bK+bk-1 ( 17 )One of the effects of the transmutation describe by ( 17 ) is to alter the input sequence BK of uncor associate binary figures into a sequence degree CelsiusK of correlative figures. This correlativity between the next familial degrees may be viewed as presenting intersymbol intervention i nto the familial signal in an unreal mode.However, this inter symbol intervention is under the designers control, which is the footing of correlate cryptography. An ideal hold component, bring forthing a hold of TBseconds, has the merchant marine map exp ( -j2?fTB) , so that the transportation map of the simple filter shown in figure 18 is 1+exp ( -j2?fTB) . Hence, the overall transportation map of this filter affiliated in rain shower with the ideal channel Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) isH ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) 1+ exp ( -j2?fTB) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) exp ( j?fTB) + exp ( j?fTB) exp ( -j?fTB)= 2 Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) cos ( ?fTB) exp ( j?fTB ) ( 18 )For an ideal channel of bandwidth B0=RB/2, we haveHydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) = ( 19 ) thence the overall frequence response has the signifier of a half-cycle co hell map, as shown byHydrogendegree Celsiuss( degre e Fahrenheit ) = ( 20 )For which the amplitude response and stage response are as shown in figure 4.2 ( a ) and figure 4.2 ( B ) , severally. An advantage of this frequence response is that it can be easy approximated in pattern. record 4.2 frequence response of duobinary changeover filterThe corresponding value of the impulse response consists of two sinc pulsations, clip displayed by TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) ( 21 )Which is shown aforethought in figure 4.3.We see that the overall impulse response H ( T ) has merely two distinct value at the trying blink of an eyes.Figure 4.3 Impulse response of duobinary transition filter.The original informations BK may be detected from the duobinary-coded sequence degree CelsiusK by deducting the old decoded binary figure from the presently accredited digit degree CelsiussKin conformity with equation ( 17 ) . Specifically, allowing bIKstand for the estimation of the original binary figure BKas conceive d by the receiving system at clip t equal to kTB, we havebIK= cK bIk-1 ( 22 )It is evident that if degree CelsiussKis received without mistake and if besides the old estimation bIk-1at clip t= ( k-1 ) ThymineBcorresponds to a mighty determination, so the menstruation estimation bIKwill be right excessively. The technique of utilizing a stored estimation of the old symbol is called determination feedback.We observe that the sensing process merely described is basically an opposite of the operation of the simple filter at the sender. However, a drawback of this sensing procedure is that one time mistakes are made, they tend to propagate. This is due to the fact that a determination on the current binary figure BKdepends on the rightness of the determination made on the old binary figure Bk-1.A practical agency of avoiding this mistake consultation is to utilize precoding before the duobinary cryptography, as shown in fig 6.11. The precoding operation performed on the input bin ary sequence BK converts it into another binary sequence aK delimitate byaK= BK+ ak-1modulo-2 ( 23 )Modulo-2 add-on is tantamount to the exclusive-or operation. An exclusive-or gate operates as follows. The end product of an exclusive-or gate is a 1 if precisely one input is a 1 otherwise, the end product is a 0. The ensuing precoder end product aK is following applied to the duobinary programmer, thereby bring forthing the sequence degree CelsiusK that is related to aK as followsdegree CelsiussK= aK+ ak-1 ( 24 )Note that unlike the line drive operation of duobinary cryptography, the precoding is a nonlinear operation. We assume that symbol 1 at the precoder end product in figure 4.4 is represented by +1 V and symbol 0 by -1 V.Figure 4.4 A precoded duobinary strategy.Therefore, from equation ( 22 ) and ( 23 ) , we find thatCK= 2 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 00 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 1 ( 25 )From equation ( 25 ) we subtract the undermentioned det ermination regulation for observing the original input binary sequence BK from degree CelsiusK BK= Symbol 0 if cK & A gt 1 VSymbol 1 if cK & A lt 1 V ( 26 )Harmonizing to equation ( 26 ) , the decipherer consists of a rectifier, the end product of which is compared to a wand of 1 V, and the original binary sequence BK is thereby detected. A block diagram of the detector is shown in figure 4.5. A utile distinctive of this sensor is that no cognition of any input prove other than the present one is required. Hence, mistake extension can non happen in the sensor of figure 4.5.Figure 4.5 Detector for retrieving original binary sequence from the precodedduobinary programmer end product.Modified Duobinary signalingThe circumscribed duobinary technique involves a correlativity span of two binary figures. This is achieved by deducting input binary figures spaced 2TBseconds apart, as indicated in the block diagram of figure 4.6. The end product of the modified duobinary trans ition filter is related to the sequence aK at its input as followsdegree CelsiussK= aK ak-2 ( 27 )Figure 4.6 Modified duobinary signaling strategy.Here, once more, we find that a three degree signal is generated. If aK= 1 V, as assumed antecedently, degree CelsiussKtakes on one of three values 2, 0, and -2 Vs.The overall transportation map of the tapped-delay-line filter connected in cascade with the ideal channel, as in figure 4.6, is given byH ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) 1- exp ( -j4?fTB) = 2j Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( j2?fTB) ( 28 )Where Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is as define in equation ( 19 ) . We, hence, have an overall frequence response in the signifier of half-cycle sine map, as shown byH ( degree Fahrenheit ) =2j wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( -j2?fTB) degree Fahrenheit ? RoentgenB/20 otherwise ( 29 )The corresponding amplitude response and stage response of the modified duobi nary programmer are shown in figure 4.7 ( a ) and 4.7 ( B ) , severally.Amplitude responsePhase responseFigure 4.7 Frequency response of modified duobinary transition filter.The impulse response of the modified duobinary programmer consists of two sinc pulsations that are time-displaced by 2TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) ( 30 )This impulse response is plotted in figure 4.8, which shows that it has three distinguishable degrees at the trying blink of an eyes.Figure 4.8 Impulse response of modified duobinary transition filterIn order to extinguish the possibility of mistake extension in the modified duobinary system, we use a precoding process similar to that utilise for duobinary authority. Specifically, prior to the propagation of the modified duobinary signal, a modulo-2 logical add-on is used on signals 2TBseconds apart, as shown byaK= BK+ ak-2modulo-2 ( 31 )Where BK is the input binary sequence and aK is the sequence at the precoder end pro duct. Note that modulo-2 add-on and modulo-2 minus are same. The sequence aK therefore produce is so applied to the modified duobinary transition filter.In instance of figure 4.6, the end product digit degree CelsiussKpeers 0, +2, or -2 Vs. Besides we find that BKcan be extracted from degree CelsiusKby ignoring the mutual opposition of degree CelsiusK, as was through with the duobinary technique. Specifically, we may pull out the original sequence BK at the receiving system utilizing the undermentioned determination regulationBK= Symbol 0 if cK & A lt 1 VSymbol 1 if cK & A gt 1 V ( 32 )Generalized signifier of Correlative CodingThe duobinary and modified duobinary techniques have correlativity spans of one binary figure and two binary figures, severally. It is consecutive frontward affair to generalise these two strategies to other strategies, which are known jointly as correlate cryptography strategies. This generalisation is shown in figure 4.9, where Hydrogendegree Cel siuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is defined in equation ( 18 ) .Figure 4.9 Generalized correlate cryptography strategy.It involves the usage of a tapped hold line filter with tap weights tungsten0tungsten1, ,tungsten2, w3wN-1.Specifically, a correlate sample degree CelsiusKis obtained from a ace place of N consecutive input sample values bK, as shown byN-1degree CelsiussK= ? tungstenNBk-n ( 33 )n=0Therefore by taking assorted combinations of whole number values for the tungstenN,we can obtain different signifiers of correlate coding strategies to accommodate single applications.For illustration,In duo-binary instance we havetungsten0= +1tungsten1= +1and tungstenN= 0 for n?2.In modified duo-binary instance we havetungsten0= +1tungsten1= 0tungsten2= -1and tungstenN= 0 for n?3.Correlative cryptography is an efficient transmittal technique on bandlimited digital communications. Correlative cryptography introduces memory or correlativity to the transmitted informations watercourse in clip Domain, in a manner that the power spectrum of the transmitted bandlimited signal is shaped to evidence gradual roll-off to band borders. This spectral belongings dramatically reduces the sum of inordinate intersymbol intervention at the receiving system when the symbol timing is non absolutely synchronized.Particularly, correlatively coded OFDM has been widely used to supply high grade of hardiness against deep slices, and is much more popularly known as pre-coded OFDM. Despite these abundant applications, correlate cryptography is never used in OFDM for spectral defining. Correlative cryptography is adopted to determine the signal spectrum of the rectangular pulsed OFDM signals with an effort to accomplish high spectral concentration.Chapter 5 offspring ANALYSISMatrix Laboratory MATLAB is a imitating tool which is used to demo all the consequences. As we have discussed in the old subdivisions, ab initio we will bring forth an OFDM signal and look into the sidelobe degrees for the generated OFDM. An OFDM signal is generated for the figure of bearersNitrogenas 128 and using a BPSK transition strategy for transition.Figure 5.1 The generated OFDM signalThe power spectrum methods like Periodogram and Welchs method were ab initio carried out for spectral appraisal but the consequences of which were non satisfactory. So Multitaper spectral appraisal technique was used to bring forth the power spectrum of the OFDM signal.As we discussed in item about the multitaper spectrum analysis in subdivision 2.4.2, the stairss has been followed and the spectrum of OFDM is generated utilizing MATLAB package. Figure 5.2 illustrate the spectrum of above generated OFDM.Figure 5.2 PSD of the generated OFDM.As we discussed in the subdivision 4.1 and 4.2, the duobinry, modified duobinary cryptography is implemented. Figure 5.3 and 5.4 represent the duobinary coded OFDM and its PSD severally. Figure 5.5 and 5.6 represent the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal and its PSD several ly.Figure 5.3 Duobinary coded OFDM signal.Figure 5.4 PSD of the duobinary coded OFDM signal.Figure 5.5 Modified duobinary coded OFDM signal.Figure 5.6 PSD of the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal.The figure 5.7 will exemplify the PSD analyze of all 3 PSDs in a individual graph as follows.Figure 5.7 PSD comparing of OFDM, duobinary coded OFDM,Modified duobinary coded OFDM.1

Eurodisney Business Case Essay

1) How could the company bewilder erred so badly in its estimates of spending patterns of European customers?* The head was market Euro Disney as a complete holiday package and encouraging people to stay in the hotels and eat all meats in the complex.* While scope prices the Company was unable to estimate spending patterns of European consumers and competitors price alternatives. Due to the location advantage and incredible accomodation prices consumers prefer to stay in the city center.* blend time to Paris city center from Euro Disney is only 35 proceedings and cost of accomodation in Disneyland is as much expensive as a outmatch hotel in Paris. People prefer to stay overnight in the city center instead of staying in the park.* At the end of 1992, it became clear that the numbers were non being met there was a recession and people were bringing their suffer food for thought and not staying in the hotels for many nights. greens admission prices were also in truth high ($4 2.25US for adults)* Skimming Pricing is relatively high determine strategy. It is tempting where product is highly differentiated. Setting prices assuming that demand will not be determined by price and therefore the price mountain be high with large profit margins. It assumes inelastic demad curve, which sales will not channel by prices.* Penetration Pricing Setting prices assuming that demand will increase with lower prices and decrease with higher(prenominal) prices and therefore there atomic number 18 limitations on your profit margin. Elastic demand curve assumption.* Eurodisney saw itself in a monopoly position, and positioned itself in a relatively inelastic demand curve with attracting customers regardless of higher prices. As a result of skimming pricing policy high prices, visitors shortened their stay, avoided hotels abd brought their own food and drink. Many visitors arrived early in the morning, staying late at night or check out early in the morning.2) Could a be tter reading of the impact of cultural differences on revenues have been achieved?There were a few cultural blunders made* A no alcohol policy (wine is customary for lunch and dinner in France) and this discouraged visitors * It made mistakes with predicting the peak periods and had to deposit off a number of staff when there were fewer visitors, but France has truly strict labour laws so they found this to be very uncontrollable* Disney failed to predict demand for breakfast. They told that Europeans dont take breakfast however demand for breakfast is 10 times more than capacity * Tour bus drivers were not catered for properly, so tour companies did not recommend visiting Euro Disney as much as they would have* In America there is a well-established theme park culture. In planning Euro Disney there do not seem to have been many contingency plans established. The attitude towards customer habits was very complacent, assuming that there would be so many customers every day, each s taying an average number of nights spending an average amount of money (for America that might be the case). * Leftist demonstrators against to American culture. They called the Park an American cultural abomination. * Disney management failed to research the culture thoroughly complete3) What suggestions do you have for fostering a climate of sensitivity and goodwill in corporate dealings with the French?* Cultural differences need to be addressed and not just assume that the foreign country will adopt home(prenominal) views. The way Europeans took holidays, bought souvenirs, took transport and ate, all affected Euro Disneys performance * Disney did not understand the differences in the United States compared to European Labor Laws. This resulted in a bodge of funding because labor costs in Europe were significantly higher than in the United States4) How do you account for the great success of capital of Japan Disneyland and the problems of Euro Disney? What are the key contribu tory differences?Euro Disney contrasted Tokyo in a number of ways.* Disney invested heavily in the Euro initiative while it never invested any funds in the Tokyo Park since the Tokyo Disneyland was owned and operated by the Oriental Land Company. * Tokyo Disneyland was a major success with a turnover of over 16 billion in 1991 as compared to the low turnover in the Euro Disney. * An increasing trend in Japan towards leisure along with increasing appetite for the American food as opposed to the French who never valued the American foods contributed a lot to the success of Disney land in Tokyo. 5) Do you believe that Euro Disney might have done better if located elsewhere in Europe rather than just outside Paris? Why or why not?* With change of location to be somewhere else in Europe other than Paris, Euro Disney could have not done any better. This is because people in the Europe follow relatively similar cultural norms. It was not only the French who had problems with them, but als o others. In Spain where they thought of at first had no adequate space for the plaque of the facility. The master spirit on the sides of the Americans could also not allow them to work in any environment. Moreover a general wave of recession and economic downturn all over the Europe, did not allow such capital intensive project.6) Mickey Mouse and the Disney Park are an American cultural abonimination. pronounce this critical statement.* Although European public acceptance of the theme park itself has not been a problem for Euro Disneyland there has been a different type of cultural clash. most(prenominal) Europeans believe there is cultural imperialism * Mickey Mouse and the Disney Park are an American cultural abomination This is a statement connected to the hard class taken by the French Leftist who never accepted the American people to erode their culture. They claimed the pollution on their countrys cultural ambience was due to the arrival of Mickey Mouse and the company. They wanted to see more European culture inthe park than the American culture.7) Consider how a pixilated marketing approach might be made to both European consumers and middlemen, such as travel agents, tour guides, even bus drivers. * The strategy was very greedy in buying all the surrounding land so no one else could benefit from the project. This is not going to promote any local anaesthetic support and isolates the project from and other business support. The scale of the investment also isolated them more in the case of a failure. * The idea was to market the Disney as a complete holiday encouraging people to stay in the hotels and eat all meals in the park.* The travel time to Paris was 35 minutes from Euro disney and the hotel Disney cost as much as the best hotel in Paris, many people may prefer to stay overnight in the city center. * mettlesome competition in tourism industry. People passing through the area may decide to take the more traditional visit to Paris instea d. * merchandise approach is very strong local partnership is important. In planning, Disney were more interested in the moneymaking ventures than the fundamental details such as providing enough restrooms for coach drivers. Inpatient drivers resulted a decrease in the number of visitors. * Tour guides have direct communication with customers.8) Discuss the desirability of raising admission prices at the very time when attendance is static, profits are nonexistent, and new attractions are months and several years in the future. * Skimming Pricing is relatively high pricing strategy. It is tempting where product is highly differentiated. Setting prices assuming that demand will not be determined by price and therefore the price can be high with large profit margins. It assumes inelastic demad curve, which sales will not affected by prices.* Eurodisney saw itself in a monopoly position, and positioned itself in a relatively inelastic demand curve with attracting customers regardless of higher prices. As a result of skimming pricing policy high prices, visitors shortened their stay, avoided hotels abd brought their own food and drink. Many visitors arrived early in the morning, staying late at night or check out early in the morning.

Experiences that have left us demoralized and demotivated

This famous quote by Corita Kent has become the philosophy of my life. A philosophy that has been imparted in me by years of experience. A look through the events in life reveals that despite the wonderful moments, there are too near worst flashes that are not worthy any memory. Experiences that cod left us demoralized and demotivated.These events and experience are the most important in pliant our destinies. The road to success is paved with a rough path and sharp bends. It is in negotiating these sharp coners that we are armed with the necessary skills to overcome future ch each(prenominal)enges. carriage is a acquire experience and none of the events in life should be in vain no matter the consequences, each should be a learning opportunity.There is this particular experience that happened some years back in high nurture that though it left me slightly disturbed, it went a long fashion in creating an understanding closely some of my classmates and also know that not all of us pursue the same goals and when we do, we dont follow the same pass. some(a) just want to ride on some other peoples back.This experience has helped me understand that we are different, not because of our skin colors or creed, entirely because of our personalities. It has made me to be wary of some students even here in San Joaquin Delta College.Whereas study group are methods used by instructors to impart leadership and team up playing skills in students. Some students unfortunately see it as an opportunity to hide behind numbers and ride on the sweat and hard fly the coop of others. I recall one time we had been arbitrary allocated study groups by our grammar teacher. We were supposed to look at the history and the evolution of language. Specifically, we were to focus on Englishs language relationship with Latin.Most of us were not familiar with each other and our first meeting was dedicated towards socializing and exchanging contacts. We agreed on our catalogue and by pl an or default I was selected the group leader. I had never before been in any position of leadership even of such(prenominal) a small number. I had not envisaged the sort of challenges that I was to face, but I believed in myself.You see, I wee-wee been brought up in a family that believes in hard work and discipline as the key to success in life. Although I was born in Mexico, I have lived in Stockton California all my life and have seen the fruits of my hard work, as I dont have to work in college to pay for my school fees. I hence have the whole day to dedicate to my studies.In this study group we had been allocated a task that was to be completed within a certain specific however, there were these ii male students, Tom and Harris that failed to turn up for any of the study group. Being the group leader, I took up the responsibility of calling them and urged them to turn up or else I would report to our instructor. They did not heed to my warning and I had to inform my teacher. They were struck off the groups list and had to redo the whole unit. They were not happy about these developments and confronted me one day after classes.I am not a coward but I am not brave either, but there was no way I could fail to stand up for what I believed to be right. I told them off and said I would do it again should we ever be in the same group in future.I could tell that they were angry and spoiling for a fight as I could see Harris clutching his belt. I new then that it would delineate nasty. They were shouting at me and hurling all manner of racist remarks. However I stood my ground and a small crowd began to develop out of curiosity. seeing that I would not back off, they went away promising to do all manner of nasty things should we ever meet.They did not get to do it as they were transferred from the school later in the week, however this incident has left me cautious of some of my classmates knowing that some of them can be leaches seeking to survive on other p eoples sweat and expect to get away with it. This interaction has gone a head in shaping my study relationships as school and I have to take time in choosing my study partners

Understanding Native American History

the Statesn history is fil direct with glorious accomplishments that Ameri targets love to point out when saying how great a country this is. Certainly, America is a great country, and as countries go, it has probably done enough now to forever remain as one of the great countries ever to exist on the planet. Perhaps it will someday go cumulus in history beside Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and other great civilizations of the past that incur make their mark on human history, and along with its greatness, America has enough faults and shame to give pause for thought. In a country of immigrants, America has historically mistreated its immigrants, especially the Chinese, the Japanese and today the Chicanos.Despite their lying-ins to get aside from religious persecution, the pilgrims were non so eager to avoid religiously persecuting others and forcing their religion upon everyone. Everyone is keenly aw atomic number 18 of how America enslaved the blacks and then he ld them down as second class citizens or less after slavery was much or less begrudgingly abolished. minatory Americans were not properly treated in American until the 1970s and redden today blacks suffer from the vestiges of past slavery.Yet, with all of the two-sided treatment and mistreatment of so some(prenominal) cultures that dupe today merged within the amalgamated American culture, with all of the irony and tragedy of those mergers, perhaps none is any more tragic than that of the American Indian. With all the internal Americans who lived in this country when Europeans arrived, today in that respect are only an estimated 2.75 one million million remaining. They are probably the only ethnic group whose numbers game in America have fallen since the arrival of Europeans. temporary hookup the number of Native Americans in the country when Europeans arrived is speculative, it is estimated that there were between 60 and 100 million Natives here when Europeans arrived and that by 1650, the Native population had already decreased by 90 percent due largely to the introduction of European diseases into the Native populations. (MacCleery, 2004)While Black Americans have more or less assimilated into American society despite the mistreatment they suffered, nothing could be further from the truth for Native Americans. Blacks can be found in large numbers all over the country with few exceptions other than the northwest where there are still areas where populate have never keyn blacks or rarely do, yet one would be hard pressed to find a Native American in the US away from the reservation.When encountered, they would usually be mistaken for something other than a Native American and always, always they will be emiting a foreign language, usually English, Spanish or both.Forced to abandon their native language, many young Indians today cannot speak their native language and others wont speak it expect to other Natives, and while blacks can occasionally be heard asking for reparations for the wrongs that were committed against them during slavery (those who were wronged are dead) such that their ancestors (those now alive) get to reap the benefits for the suffering of their ancestors, nobody is available to speak up for the Native American who still suffers today in ways that blacks and other ethnic groups do not.Certainly, blacks no longer have their native tongue, but it was not forced out of them in the same way and there was no effort to Americanize blacks. To the contrary, blacks were maintained separate while the effort towards natives was more like the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany. Whites on the Plains sometimes killed Indians just because they were Indian somewhat like the extermination of the aborigines in Tasmania who were actually, literally hunted down to extinctionBetween 1803 and 1833 the Aboriginal population of Tasmania went from 5,000 to around 300 and by early in the 20th speed of light they became vir tually extinct, their original languages lost. Native Americans were advisedly subjected to a similar fate and today their languages are also being lost, this despite the fact that the language of the Navajo code talkers took part in every delight the U.S. assault in the Pacific war against the Japanese from 1942 until 1945.The very languages which helped to save America were not allowed to be spoken among the Natives What right do blacks and others have for reparations for what their ancestors suffered when Native Americans are still living basically on reservations in the 21st Century and get virtually nothing?There is no doubt that the excerpt of the first Europeans to America was due in large part to the ability of the native peoples already here to survive and thrive in this countryin their own land. Even today, each year we celebrate Thanksgiving because we realize that the new visitors to this country owed their survival and existence to the knowledge and ingenuity of the native peoples who were already here.Yet, most Americans today fail to realize the true diversity of the native peoples who already existed here when Europeans arrived. It is estimated that humans lived in North America up to 12,000 old age ago and perhaps as much as 40,000 years ago certainly calling into question Bible stories of Adam and Eve a chaste 6,000 years in the past.When Europeans arrived, the Native Americans were a vast diversity of cultures, nations and religions that ranged from one coast to the other, people living together in harmony with their environment and with their familiar spirit Native Americans at times, living very much out of harmony with their fellow Native Americans at others. As was true in Europe, all was not always calm and peaceful co-existence between the various a sundry races and tribes of the Native countries.Native nations differed in terms of their religious beliefs, cultural habits, dietary habits, migrant habits, religions and more, somet imes bringing them at odds with one another, especially in terms of competition for food and perhaps at times for living space.The American mistreatment of the Native peoples they found here began even before the Revolutionary war. The very natives who saved the lives of the first colonists and pilgrims were treated like second class citizens or not as citizens at all. By the time of the Revolutionary War, Native Americans had already felt the encroachment of the white Europeans on native lands. When over two-hundred Iroquois, Shawnees, Cherokees, Creeks and others visited St. Louis in 1784, they were already feeling displaced.One said, The Americans, a great ambitious and numerous than the English, put us out of our lands, forming therein great settlements, extending themselves like a plague of locusts in the territories of the Ohio River which we inhibit. (Galloway, p. 158) In May 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed in Congress. It authorized the president to negotiate treatie s to remove all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi.This led to surveyors, squatters and a campaign of harassment against Natives such as the Cherokee. While the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the Act, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the solicit had no jurisdiction over the case since Cherokees were not U.S. citizens or an independent nation. (Garrison, pp. 1-12) This is certainly a sad state of affairs for the Native peoples of American, one for which there has never been a true champion and which has great significance for the way in which Native Americans still live today.Early in the 20th Century, Joseph Dixon wrote an ably named book entitled The Vanishing Race that detailed many of the struggles and travails of the Native American. With all of the struggles and travails of the Native American, it was not until December 8, 1911 that President Taft signed a bill passed by Congress granting a fall in States Reservation and the erection of a National Indian Memorial (Dixon, p. xx).Dixon speaks of an Expedition of Citizenship to all tribes of American Indians, an effort to extend acquaintance to all Indians and to have them unite so as to raise the same flag and sign the same pledge of loyalty and receive at the detention of his representative an American Flagthat they might call their own. (Dixon, p. xxii), but while at the time, this might have been viewed as a sign of advancement by white America, it was no more than further evidence of the forced assimilation and continued mistreatment of the Native Americans who were being robbed of their land, their customs, their language, their religion and forced to assimilate into and assume the American culture strange to them and certainly not their own.For example, Calloway speaks of how the far ranging Comanche bands came together as a nation in the 1870s after they were confined to a reservation. (pp. 339-40) These nomadic people became a Nation more or less because they were forc ed to do so.In the 1870s and continuing through the 20th Century, native Americans in defense of their native land who had once suffered military attacks (and still did in the 1870s and beyond) from invading Europeans suffered a different king of attack, the efforts to Americanize the Natives, an effort to reform the native savages as they were called by forcing them into the European ways of life. Indians were relocated, forced to wear European attire, to cut their hair and to speak the European languages.Christian missionaries played a large role in this effort as the missionaries simultaneously tried to convert the savages to Christianity and to Christ. As reformer Helen Hunt Jackson put it in her 1881 book, A Century of Dishonor, those who believed that the United States should extend their blessings to the Natives could see that what was happening was just the opposite. Natives were being (shot)down in the snow. (p. 335) It was a concerted effort to remake the Natives by trans forming them into the image of white America and it was met with resistance by the natives.Natives, many of whom migrated with their food supply, the weather and the seasons, were forced to adapt to and adopt strange, European ways. While Europeans claimed a kinship to the land, that kinship was very different from that of many natives. The mentation of owning land seemed strange to the natives, and being tied to a specific region to till the soil as farmers was not the native idea of kinship to the land.As Europeans pushed West in their quest for Manifest Destiny, they progressively displaced the natives by killing their food supplies, searching for yellow iron (gold), stealing the Natives horses and more. Chief Joseph said, For a piffling time, we lived quietly. But this could not lastThe white men told lies for each other. They drove off a great number of our cattleWe had no friend who would invoke our cause before the law councils. What Chief Joseph saw happening was common a ll across the new continentnew to Europeans. After the Civil war, the efforts at Manifest Destiny continued and increased. Winning the West was a national goal that led European settlers to move into native lands in greatly increase numbers.So, the native peoples were being robbed, displaced, involuntarily acculturated, tied to the land in ways that were very un-native, and more. While Europeans forced natives into one compromise after another, the growing apprehension among the invading Europeans was that Indians should be treated as wards of the government rather than as independent nations. (Galloway, p. 271) Today Indian tribes enjoy the unique political status as sovereign nations within the United States, a status they already enjoyed before the arrival of Europeans. They have managed to regain what they lost at the hands of the Europeans, but only after paying a terrible price and being nearly exterminated and what they have today is only a shadow of what they had in the pas t.Certainly, Americans are essentially oblivious to the plight of the Native Americans. There has never been a successful spokesman for them, no eloquent Martin Luther King and Cesar Chavez for the American Natives. Those who existed in the 19th century were quickly killed, imprisoned or ignored as were the few whites who stood up to champion the cause of the Natives, among them former President Herbert Hoover.Therefore, today, while many Americans are at least vaguely familiar with the plight, suffering, indignity suffered and torture of the African slave, few Americans know the true story of the Native Americans and their suffering, suffering that continues even to the present time. We need a better understanding of what they have suffered in the past and what they continue to suffer even in the present, how they were dispossessed from their lands, moved elsewhere and basically ignored even to the present.Finding a reasonable way to compensate them will not be easy. Indeed, compen sation is probably impossible. Who can compensate the Tasmanian peoples now that they have been exterminated? Likewise, who can compensate the Native Americans not that they have been dispossessed and nearly wiped out? Their story is one that is seldom told even today and is mainly distorted when told. Can we as Americans continue to live with this situation? Perhaps we can, but should be? I believe that the answer to that question is, NoReferencesDixon, Joseph Kossuth. The Vanishing Race. The die hard Great Indian Council. Philadelphia, PA National American Indian Memorial Association Press, 1925.Galloway, Colin. First Peoples A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins Press, 2004.Garrison, Tim Alan. The Legal Ideology of Removal The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations. University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 2002, pp. 1-12.Jackson, Helen Hunt. A Century of Dishonor A Sketch of the United States Gov ernments Dealings With Some of the Indian Tribes. New York, NY Harper & Brothers, 1885.MacCleery, Doug. The Role of American Indians in Shaping The North American Landscape, Forest History Society, 2 November, 2004, 12 June, 2007.

The American Era

The Ameri flowerpot Era Historical Background * The Filipino revolutionists win against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years. * The Fil-American war resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903. * The American Rule was influenced by two factors 1. ) EDUCATION- many were given a chance to study and incline was used as the medium of tuition. 2. WRITERS- went through stages of development to acquire enough proficiency in the new language echoic of the style and the subject matters of the American and European authors * Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, cleans, etc. Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence. * unreal soon faded, writers began to turn to native ideas and circumstances- inspiration for their writings.Movement Against the U. S. Colonialism * the printing press was used to block the American civilisation from entering the P hilippine lifestyle * Newspapers in our diametric dialects flourished all oer the archipelago. * *Writers were given the chance to show and prove the true talent of the Filipinos * *Writers during these period drew ideas from the Propaganda Movement and the Revolutionary Characteristics of Literature During American governing Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period. * Literature in Spanish The inspiration of Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal. * Rizals two novels (Noli and Fili) contained the best qualities of a novel ever written, in English or in Filipino. * Those who were inspired to write in praise of Rizal were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe, Claro M. Recto, etc. Example by Manuel Bernabe Recodar Ay del alma que recuerde la quiebra que ha sufrido la ilusion la memoria es la fiera que nos muerde el pobre Corazon English translation To remember Poor soul that recordsThe sufferings you underwent in illusion Memory is the fire that snared My short(p) heart. * Literature in Tagalog * Florante at Laura of Francisco Balagtas and Urbana at Felisa of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers. * The advent of American period includes (1)Tagalog Drama (2)Tagalog Short Story (3)Tagalog Poetry * Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified iii kinds of Tagalog poets. They were * Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso) * Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay) * Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan) * Literature in English We can trace the beginnings of Philippine literature in English with the coming of the Americans thus, this period is divided into three time frames, namely * The Period of Re-orientation 1898-1910 * By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English. * By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunn er in the use of English in higher education, was founded. Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom after the paralyzing effect of repression of thought and speech under the Spanish regime. * The Period of Imitation 1910-1925 * By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers of in short story writing. * They were then groping their way into imitating American and British models which resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lac mightiness vitality and spontaneity. * Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag, Juan F. Salazar, Jose M.Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro and Francisco Tonogbanua. * The Period of Self-Discovery 1925-1941 * By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. * They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. * They went into all forms of writings like the novel and the drama. otherwise Forms of Literature * Ilocano Literature * Pedro Bukaneg convey of Ilocano Literature. His name was derived from the denomination Bukaneg meaning Balagtasan. * Claro Caluya Prince of Ilocano Poets. Known as poet and novelist. Leon Pichay known as the best Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist and essayist. * Literature of the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature) * Juan Crisostomo Soto (Father of Kapampangan Literature). The word CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name. * Aurelio Tolentino He truly proved his being a Kapampangan in his translation of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS. * Visayan Literature * Eribert Gumban (Father of Visayan Literature) He wrote a zarzuela, a moro-moro and a play in Visayan. Magdalena Jalandoni She devoted her talent to the novel. She wrote ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC. LITERARY GENRE S POETRY * Written in 3 languges (Filipino, Spanish, English and in the divers(prenominal) dialects) * Some known poets were Maximo KalawPaz Marquez Benitez Carlos P. RomuloMaria Agoncillo Carlos Bulosan Salvador P. Lopez * There were three collection of poems printed, namely * Filipino Poetry edited by Rodolfo Dato * The English German Anthology of Poets edited by Pablo Laslo * a pre-war collection by Carlos Bulosan ESSAYS Essays during this period improved with years in quality and quantity, in content, in subject and style. * The notable writers of essay during this period were * Political, social broody essays * Critical essays * Personal or Familiar essays * The notable writers of essay during this period were * 1940 Salvador P. Lopez Literature and Society * 1940 Camilo Osias The Filipino Way of Life * 1941 F. B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) were reprints of the best of Icasianos essays in the Sunday Times Magazine under the column From My Nipa Hut. SHORT STORY Short stories in Eng lish of early Filipino fictionists are attach with American style * changed with the founding of the UP Writers Club (1926) whose aim was to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare * Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez- was made the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino writer in English * Many writers followed Benitez like Icasiano Calalang Manuel Arguilla Arturo Rotor * Paz Latorena *STARTED PUBLISHING STORIES MANIFESTING SKILLS IN THEUSE OF THEFORIEGN LANGUAGE & AKEEN FILIPINO SENSIBILITY * The combination of the foreign language and the culture of a Filipino enabled fictionists to roduce great literary works * The public can now relate to the story because the public also experiences what the story has to say and they can now understand the language being used by the writer. Works like * His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya * How My Brother Leon Brought Home a wife by Manuel Arguilla * many other stories which depicted the Filipino life NOVEL * With the founding of the P hilippine Writers League in 1936, Filipino writers began discussing the value of literature in the society they lived in. * this move was led by Salvador P.Lopez whose works centered on proletarian literature * Other novelists of this period are * Jose Garcia Villa * Francisco Arellana * Fernando Maria Guerrero * Amador Daguio * Sinai Hamada * Ilokano novelists * Leon Pichay * Hermogenes Belen * Mena Pecson Crisologo (whose Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is considered to be the Ilokano version of Noli Me Tangere) SARSWELA * During this period, SARSWELA GAINED POPULARITY * Most of the sarswelas if not all, are directed against he American imperialists. * Equally remarkable sarswelas durong the period are the works of * Severino Reyes Walang Sugat Patricio Mariano Anak ng Dagat * Other noted sarswelitas * Aurelio Tolentino * Juan Abad * Juan Matapang Cruz * Juan Crisostomo Sotto BALAGTASAN * named after Francisco F. Balagtas * a debate in verse a political joust * done almost spontaneou sly between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of a certain issue * The first ever Balagtasan was held on March 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes as rivals. * Jose Corazon de Jesus as the first ever king of the Balagtasan.

Computer Science

What are the advantages of using internet? The advantages of using internet are they made our research easier handle having some research on your investigatory project. It give the gate excessively teach us some techniques Like solving the algebraic equations. We can also need faster communication with our love ones with the use of social networking sites Just like, backbone. Skips, twitter, etc. We can also download here some videos, songs and pictures that we want to download, some single out of entertainment. We can also buy here the things we want to have. 2. List some disadvantages of using Internet.Sometimes when downloading some files, you must be careful on It because It sends virus to the calculator that may affect the other files In the computer or worst It damages the process of the computer because some sites are having virus. In internet, you can also see some inappropriate contents like porno. We could also plagiarism or steals someones work, plagiarism. Some user s are s sending some unwanted e-mails that could ram the computer, spamming. 3. How will you secure yourself from cyber bullying? We can avoid cyber bullying by not replying on someones if he/she chat on you.We must also involve an appropriate email-address or surname in order that no one could identify your gender, your age and your occupation. Do not make your profile available in the public. Your profile must be known by the people you trust in order that you can avoid some spamming. 4. In your own way, how can you help improve the use of internet? I could help improve the use of internet by deleting/ locking some inappropriate contents. Also by warning to those who spam messages. Lastly, by making the research much easier by Just typing keywords on your research.

Responsibility: are we really responsible for our actions? Essay

Have you ever wondered if the stopping point that you allow just run was the lift out possible ratiocination for you to make? An cistrons relationship between duty and his lasts in intent be affected by the alternative choices that were non taken as well as the choices that were make. doubting Thomas Nagel believes that an constituents autonomy is always being threatened by the possibility of a bandstand that is more bearing than his own. His ensure on state is such that in order to place state on an agent, sufficient watching about alternative choices must be considered. On the other hand, Carl Ginet claims that guiltless will skunknot be caused ( unaffectionate will is not determined), but rather that the will is free.He claims that responsibility is a result of the agents inherent free will to choose and is instance specific. Ginet feels that since we are free beings, we are responsible for every decision that we make, but not for the causes of our choices. T his is contrary to Nagels stance of responsibility. He asserts that in order for an agent to be held responsible for his decisions, the agent must have sufficient noesis of some(prenominal) unobjective and objective viewpoints. Nagel believes that this requires a highly developed view of the self and is very unenviable to achieve.Responsibilityfor our locomoteions seems to only stem from the choices that we make, but the decisions that we do not make also affect our point in time of responsibility.Ginet feels that the only two propositions regarding free will are either that the will is caused or that the will is free. He argues that if the will is caused no agent can be held responsible for his decisions. One of Ginets arguments is that if the will is to be caused and a choice is presented to an agent that no one can be intelligibly described as knowing what his decision will be before he makes it because the claim to possess such acquaintance is implicitly inconsistent, (G inet 50). He claims that since agents cannot know what decision they are going to make before they make them, that the agents decisions are not caused. There is no point in deciding to take a course of action that is already known to the agent. A decision, in this case, would be useless because an agent cannot learn onan action if the agent already knows what he will do.As Ginet points out, if the agent does already know what he will decide to do, then he cannot by the process of making up his mind express himself to anything that he does not already know, (Ginet 52). If this is the case than an agent cannot be held responsible for his decisions because he could not perhaps persuade himself to take a new course of action. On the other hand, if the will is to be free, placing responsibility for the decisions of an agent is valid. Ginet believes that with free will, a decision should be self-determining, ?a decision is a specific event which, like a flash or bang, can be identified independently of inquiry into its causes, (Ginet 54). A decisionis to be judged simply as an event and not by the events that caused it. If the will is free, responsibility can be placed on an agent, speckle if the will is caused, responsibility is discounted.Autonomy and the tradeoff between the subjective and objective points of view are at the heart of an agents decision making, according to Nagel. He contends that there are levels of autonomy but no one can reach the highest level (perfect autonomy). high levels of autonomy are reached through self-actualization and reflection on oneself. An agents autonomy stems from the objective reflection of his viewpoint. However, Nagel believes that an agent can loose his autonomy and ultimately his free will by being as well reflective as is shown in this quote, ?so the problem of free will lies in the erosion of interpersonal attitudes and of the sense of autonomy, (Nagel 112).Nagels problem with free will, in making decisions, comes from the desire to possess both the objective (observer) perspective and the subjective (actor) perspective at the same instant. The problem here, is that an agent cannot be both do the action and, at the same moment, be a passive observer. Why would we want to have both a subjective and an objective viewpoint at the same instant? To possess both would pixilated that the agent has the knowledge of the external perspectives affecting the decisions as well as the internal desires and the ability to act on them. Because an agent views his choice subjectively, there may be alternative choices thatare not made conscious(predicate) to the agent and that may eventually prove to be the high hat course ofaction. An example of this special(prenominal) case is as follows a bank bank clerk (who is relatively new to his position) is held up at stop and ordered to give the robber the banks money.This bank teller mentally reviews his military position and finds that the shell course of act ion is to hand over the money coolly. While this is happening, the bank manager is also reviewing the situation and has decided that if he were in the tellers situation that he would push the hidden liberation underneath the desk. This button would release a plate of bulletproof glass between the robber and the teller. Unfortunately, the teller is new to his position and does not have this objective knowledge. The question before us is the teller responsible for the loss of the banks money? This question will be considered later. Subjective and objective viewpoints oftentimes coincide with autonomy and self-reflection.It is the choices from which we have to choose from, in any circumstance situation, that determine the degree of responsibility to which we attribute our actions. In order to answer the question stated in the antedate paragraph about the bank teller, one must choose to go along with Nagels or Ginets view on responsibility. If one holds to Ginets conviction that th e will is free, then we are responsible for our decisions. However, judgment of the particular decision is limited to the decision being only a specific event and not of the preceding events. Judgment and responsibility in this case do not have anything to do with preceding causes in any way or the decisions that could have been made if the agent had a more objective viewpoint. In the case of the bank teller, his decision in giving therobber the money and thereby choosing the safest and most peaceful solution was, indeed, the best decision he could have made.He is not heldaccountable for the lost money. When Nagels outlook on responsibility is applied to assess this situation, we see that there was a better decision that could have been made. If the teller had the objective knowledge about the button under the desk that the manager had, he could have prevented the robber from stealing the banks money. However, if he only had this objectivity and not his subjectivity, he would not be in the position to produce the volition at all. The teller did not, in this case, choose the best decision, but at the same time is not fully responsible for the loss of the banks money.The teller is partly held accountable for the lost money because there was an alternative choice that would have made the overall outcome better off. Unfortunately for the teller, the knowledge of the hidden button was not made aware to him. This is why the teller is only partly responsible. Ginet asserts that responsibility is to be judged by the specific event while Nagel implies that there are different degrees of responsibility that vary with the amount of information that the agent has.Judgment on a decision can be assessed using Ginets event specific outlook on responsibility or Nagels view that there are varying degrees of responsibility. Both of these methods rely on the agents knowledge of the particular situation to make the best decision, but only Nagels method of judging a decision incor porates objective knowledge that the agent may be part (or notat all) unaware of. Ginets stance on responsibility is that only the specific decision can be judged because the causes that led up to the decision are irrelevant when an agent finally comes to a conclusion when making a particular decision.Nagel states that in order to make the best decision possible, an agent must have both subjective and objective knowledge. In this case, responsibility is not only derived from the decision that is actually made, but is also derived from decisions that could have been made (even if the agent did not have enough knowledge to consider all his possibilities). Both methods of assessing responsibility are valid, but Nagels method may be considered unfair. The agent is beingheld accountable for something that is out of his control (he does not have adequate knowledge). When we are faced with a decision, we must consider all that is before us in order to make the best possible choice. We wil l be held responsible for the decisions we make and for the decisions we did not make.Works CitedGinet, Carl. Can the result be Caused? Philosophical Review 71 (1962) 49-55.Reprinted in New Readings in Philosophical Analysis, ed. H. Feigl, W. Sellarsand K. Lehrer (New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972).Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. Cambridge University Press. (1979).pp.110-137

Missions of the Church of the Nazarene

Evangelical Protestantism re whollyy began with John Wesley, arguably maven of the most charismatic, thoughtful and persuasive of the impertinent brand of preacher appearing in the States in the 18th century. The Methodist movement was reinforced around an idea right away opposed to the Calvinist concept of pre-desti demesne. What Methodism centered on was the idea that anyone could be saved. But, as that concept was Arminian, that salvation is possible only through Grace, and that grace could not be earned through acts of kind-heartedity.John Wesley introduced and championed the idea that it was possible to elevate the human heart and mind, through communion, prayer and eldritch meditation, to a state of Christian Perfection. At the turn of the 20th century, in addition to all of the another(prenominal) fundamental changes in society including the industrial revolution, the rise of American power in the world, and the closedown of slavery and the pacification of the South, re ligion and religious belief had again turn over a central secern of American life.Into this flux, and in an effort to resolve the growing crisis of conflicting religious beliefs and an increasing splintering of Methodism, a consolidative theology appeared. Combining all of the Methodist Pentecostal denominations and the Holiness church building of Christ and five other denominations, the church of the Nazarene emerged under the combined umbrella of Harding and the Holiness Movement neither of which had been combined previously on such large scale. The new Church of the Nazarene, which combined churches in Europe, North and South America began expanding while simultaneously absorbing other holiness churches and upon very active missionary that continues today. It is the purpose of this study to present the state of the Church of the Nazarene and how its missionary history helped it to continue to grow and expand into the ordinal century.The Nazarene Church missions have, his torically, placed themselves directly in the center of crises. It is no coincidence that all of the denominations that came unneurotic to form the Church of the Nazarene were missionary churches. At the beginning, the Nazarenes had 52 churches with 3,827 members, while the Pentecostals numbered 47churches with 2,371 members. The union do a combined list of 99 churches and 6,198 members,1.Hardings message was that while immortal had chosen to damp every human being a certain quality of pure grace that could not be removed or augmented by human action, it was within our grasp to become closer to God through the rituals of faith.The Church of the Nazarene took up the Great Commission, that all peoples on earth will be blessed through you (Genesis 123) and, in the final chapter of Matthew, Go and make disciples of all the nations of the world, baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and teach them to obey everything I have commanded to you, (Matthew 2818 -20). It then began to airing itself vigorously to every corner of the world seeking to fulfill that very mission2. Indeed, it would later become the urgency that all senior members of the church and, in particular, all ministers, complete missionary work.Nazarene Church missions have interpreted several different forms over the course of the past century. The first, clearly, was the outreach missionary work that followed the traditional lines of church work. The second, was the instauration of Nazarene Church colleges throughout the world. The third, was the combined efforts of all Nazarene churches and associations throughout the world under one charter and mission, to keep the Great Commission.The first Nazarene Church missions began taking place shortly later on the creation of the institution. As the main centers of the church, at the time of inception, were on the East and West coasts of the United States. From the eastern churches emerged Susan Fitkin and her partner Har rison F. Reynolds. Fitkin and Reynolds based their missions upon a divine revelation of Fitkins that she had been selected by God to spread His news throughout the world and that missionary work was the most powerful and significant of the works that any human could perform for God.Fitkin then stirred up the passions of the church for missions and, in particular, missions to traditionally non-Christian nations. Fitkins work directly influenced the direction of Nazarene missions then and today. It was because of Fitkin that the Nazarene Church made missionary work the centerpiece of the fashion of their faith.Following upon Fitkins example, Dorothy Fay Davis took up the leadership reins at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital and Nazarene Nursing teach in Bremersdorp, Swaziland in the 1950s3. Her missionary work, like Fitkins, began with a calling from God. Davis built churches, preached her sermon, and brought the Nazarene form of faith to Swaziland and to the whole of South Afri ca and, following also in the footsteps of Florence Nightingale, she began a movement of teaching Swazi women how to be Christian nurses4.Davis lived and worked in Swaziland as a eldritch leader, the college headmaster, and as a minister in her many an(prenominal) churches until the mid 1980s- a career that spanned four decades and her works continue to be influential in equipment casualty of the Nazarene missions.Missionaries were not the only Nazarene members making missions. One of the most influential Nazarene members was C. rabbit warren Jones. Jones had become one of the executives managing foreign missions in the mid 1940s. Under his leadership, the Nazarene Church raised much than one-million dollars to support their missions. His influence was felt throughout the world as the money raised became the foundation of non-finite churches, the travel and living expenses of missionaries, and the foundation of the Nazarene schools and colleges5.These people, and countless othe rs, worked together over the past one-hundred years of the Nazarene church have built a legacy of missionary work. What began with a small number of missions has become a sweeping program of ministry, education, health-care, social services, and all forms of community involvement both domestically and abroad. As a authentic world-wide organization, the Nazarene Church succeeds in bringing together Christians from nearly every nation into a singular network that has no national anchor.The missionary work now centers on simply the same mission as when the church started, To make (form and bring into being through transforming grace) Christlike (holy, righteous) disciples (continual, productive followers of Christ) in the nations (a sent, international church). A Church whose primary motive is to glorify God,6. To that end, the Nazarene Church also maintains radio and television programs, supports Christian film productions, operates publishing houses throughout the world, manages y outh-ministries, and health clinics7.The Nazarene Church began with a very clear intent to spread the Word of God throughout the world in following the Great Commission. In this, the Nazarenes have been exceptionally successful. Their work and their missionaries have demonstrated a true zeal for their pursuit and have demonstrated an unwavering conviction.Their Wesleyan / Holiness foundation made the Nazarene church uniquely ideologically and scripturally suited to the kind of missionary work they do now. By placing themselves in the places of greatest need in the world, they have also succeeded in walking the walk of the true spiritual guide to those in need. Each member has been tasked with one primary goal not to raise money, not to falsely inflate their sense of purpose, but to guide others to embrace God and Christ.BibliographyCorbett, C.T. Our Pioneeer Nazarenes. Kansas City, MO Holiness info Ministry, August 1997 Edition.Cowles, C.S. A Womans Place? Kansas City, KS Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City, 2002Elliott, Susan. The Legacy of Dorothy Davis nominate. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, (2004), 132.Miller, Basil. Twelve Early Nazarenes, Kansas City, MO Holiness Data Ministry, April 1998 Edition.Nazarene military personnel Mission, GoInto All the World available from http//www.nazareneworldmission.org/regions.aspx. Internet, accessed 30 April 2007.

Farmer Suicides and Agrarian Distress

FC PROJECT- SEM II FARMERS SUICIDES AND AGRARIAN DISTRESS 1988 The peasants have started to flex the political muscles that their economical advance has given them They have acquired the capacity to launch the kind of sustained struggle they have. It is going to be trying to contain them because they command the vote banks in the countryside to which every party seeks access A new tint of peasant power is the likely to haunt India in coming years. Editorial in Times of India, Feb 3 1988, following nurtureer agitations for higher prices and subsidies in Western Uttar Pradesh 005 kitchen-gardening in India today is an economic residue that generously accommodates non-achievers resigned to a life of sad satisfaction. The villager is as blood slight as the rural economy is lifeless. From rich to low, the trend is to digress the village Dipankar Gupta, The Vanishing Village 2007 Rates of growth of factory farm in the last decade have been poor and are a major cause of rura l distress. Farming is increasingly becoming an unviable activity. Manmohan Singh, Prime minister of religion of India Introduction India is primarily an farming(a) country.More than 60% of its population directly or indirectly depends on agriculture. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33% of Indias GDP. Agriculture in India is often imputed to gambling with monsoon. sodbusters are heavy dependent on the monsoons for their harvest. If the monsoons fail, they leave the farmer under a heap of debt with no harvest, their simply inauguration of income. Unable to bear the heavy burden of debt, they see felo-de-se as the de2003-2008. According to the National crime Records Bureau (NCRB), in that location have been nearly 2 lakh farmer suicides since 1997.However, indebtedness is not the just reason for suicides. The suicides are a manifestation of the growing agrarian distress in India. It is clear from the genuine crisis, that the agrarian amour is fringyized in the nati onal constitution agenda today. Agrarian Crisis Falling productivity oer the years the economy of India had undergone a structural transformation due to which the share of agriculture has been declining. However the custody employed in agriculture hasnt decreased. Accordingly, in 2004-05, the share of agriculture in GDP was 20. %, and merely the work stick employed in agriculture was still 56. 5%. This structural dissimilarity means that there is a large difference in the productivity of workers in agriculture and in non-agriculture occupations, productivity of workers in agriculture being one fifth of those in non-agriculture. Marginalization of peasantry This high burden of labour force has, in addition, been falling on a slowly contracting cultivable land area. Between 1960 and 2003, the material body of holdings doubled from 51 million to 101 million, while the area operated declined from 133 million hectares to 108 million hectares.This has led to a sharp decline in the ave rage size of the holding, leading to increasing number of small and marginal farmers. Hence, the residual of marginal landholders has increased from 39. 1% in 1960-61 to 71% in 2003, and among them they only operate 22. 6% of the land. This continuing skewed pattern of land ownership reflects the lack of serious land reforms. Increasing marginalization forces the farmers into sharecropping and renting additional land. This leads to difficulties like insecurity of lease, increasing be and inadequate returns from production, and difficulties in accessing credit.Declining growth range Growth rates of agriculture have been on the decline. The growth rate by GDP from agriculture fell from 3. 08% during 1980-81 to 1990-91, to 2. 57% during 1992-93 to 2005-06. This included a dip to 1. 3% in 1999-2000 and even a minus growth of -2% in 2000-2001. Declining profitability of agriculture The ratio of total prices received by the agricultural arena to the total prices paid by it to non-ag ricultural sectors is one of the important economic indicators to test whether agricultural sector as a whole has either gained or lost in the process of economic growth.Although the reforms in the 90s with policies such(prenominal) as devaluation of currency were expected to benefit agriculture and improve its intercourse terms of trade (ToT), this has not really been sustained. The barter and income ToT became favourable to agriculture from 1984-85 until 1996-97, but thereafter they more or less stagnated Likewise, the Input-Output legal injury Parity (computed by comparing the index of prices paid for agricultural inputs with the index of prices received for the outputs, has since 1994-95 remained dismay than one hundred, indicating declining profitability of agriculture (Government Of India, 2008).Erosion of real incomes of farmers When the prices received by the farmers for their crops are compared with the prices they pay for consumer goods (i. e. , Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labour CPIAL), it is observed that farmers are facing an erosion of real incomes because the growth in aggregate price index for consumer goods has been higher than the growth in price index for agricultural commodities (Govt. of AP 2007).This has resulted in declining relative living standards of farmers, particularly for small and marginal farmers whose incomes are clearly inadequate to meet wasting disease expenditure. Slowdown of exports Exports flattened out after 1997 following the East Asian Crisis and the consequent large mental retardation in growth of international trade in agriculture. Simultaneously, international prices started falling for most commodities, making Indian exports uncompetitive. Cheap imports have been on the rise with the removal of quantitative restrictions on agriculture by 2000. ever-changing cropping patternsWith the opening-up of the economy, expectations of export opportunities and higher humanness prices for agricultural commodit ies led many farmers to move into change crops, away from traditional subsistence crops. Devaluation of the rupee made Indian exports cheaper and hence attractive on the world market, and further encouraged refinement of cash crops. On aggregate, the total area of the countrys farmland growing traditional grains declined by 18% in the decade after 1990-91, whereas areas growing non-food crops of cotton and sugarcane increased by 25% and 10% respectively.Declining irrigation Ironically, with a shift in cropping patterns towards more water intensive cash crops, the aggregate nett irrigated area remained stagnant (GoI 2007). State governments have grossly neglected investment in surface irrigation infrastructure. whence there has been an increase in private investment in exploiting g cadence-water sources (mainly bore wells), which have been growing relative to canal and tank irrigation. This has led to overexploitation of ground water and a falling water table, forcing farmers to exchange their wells every few years, which is expensive.Disappearing institutions The gradual weakening of state-support has also lead to dormancy of several(prenominal) state-run corporations, which used to provide support to the small-scale farmer. In AP, among these were the AP State Agro Development Corporation (APSADC) which manufactured and distributed agricultural machinery, tools and inputs at subsidized rates, and AP State Seeds Development Corporation (APSSDC) which produced its own seed, sold it. Agricultural Extension function was also downsized. Credit squeezeThe farmers perhaps most acutely feel the withdrawal of the state in the decline in institutional credit support. With agriculture becoming increasingly mercantileized and costs of acculturation rising, most farmers look for external sources of credit. Institutional credit comes in the form of loans from commercial, co-operative, and regional rural banks. The communisation of main banks in 1969 required them to prioritize lending to agriculture, with tight interest-rate controls. But this came to an abrupt end with the Narasimham delegacy on Banking Reforms post-1991.Through various redefinitions of what constituted priority lending, the committee slowly squeezed credit lines to farmers. In AP the proportion of bank lending to agriculture fell from 43% in 1998 to 26. 7% in 2003, covering only one-third of the credit needs of the farmers. Even mandates of special lending to SCs, STs and very small farmers were revoked to pursue commercial viability and aggressive loan recovery. Tenant cultivators with insufficient titles are altogether denied access to globe credit.With this drying up of formal credit, the farmers are left with no choice than to depend on informal sources for credit. An NSSO survey in 2004 revealed that 68. 6% of the total loans taken by farmers in AP are from the informal credit market. This credit typically comes at usurious interest rates (anything between 36% and 100 % compound), and worse, from the same entrepreneur who is selling the farmer the seeds and fertilizers. This stranglehold of the trader-moneylender has become the root of much exploitation and misery.Credit from these agents is almost never in cash form. It is inputs (his own brand of seeds, fertilizers) issued against the future output whose price, invariably low and exploitative, is fixed by the agent himself. Farmer suicides Causes and Statistics The drying up of institutional credit and exploitative informal credit traps in the face of rising costs and declining profitability have led to pervasive indebtedness among farmers. The Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers in the 59th round of NSS in 2003 revealed that nearly half the farmers in the country were indebted.The incidence was higher in states with input-intensive agriculture like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, and was highest at 82% in Andhra Pradesh (GoI 2007). The cotton belt is where t he suicides are taking place on a very, very large scale. It is the suicide belt of India. The share of the Big 5 States or suicide belt in 2008 Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh remained very high at 10,797, or 66. 6 per cent of the total farm suicides in the country.According to a study by the government of Maharashtra, almost 6 in 10 of those who kill themselves had debts between $110 and $550. Indebtedness, along with the constellation of input and output risks elaborated above has been move the farmer under sustained duress. A tragic manifestation of this has been the phenomenon of suicides among desperate farmers. Since 1995, farmer suicides have been inform regularly from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Kerala, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Delhi, Goa and Sikkim.A Durkheimian study of the suicides concludes that the marginalization of the rural sector in the national policy agenda which prioritizes rapid economic growth is leaving rural producers with a feeling of socio-economic estrangement from the community, and that the suicides were an yield of individualization of this estrangement. After Suicide Farms are confiscated due to inability to pay back high interest loans. Corrupt moneylenders harass the families. Widows are burdened with the new responsibility as the sole breadwinner. Children sometimes suffer both parents to suicide, forcing their education to a alt, especially if they have to work in order to provide for their needs. economical packages are provided to the farmers. But due to corruption the help never reaches the family. Conclusion and Recommendations All over the world the impact of an industrial approach to boosting crop yields has stripped many small farmers of their self-sufficiency and thrown them into despair. A few recommendations are as follows ?Input costs should be reduced. ?Markets must be made usable for agricultural produce. ?A good market price must be provided for agricultural products. For farmers, credit should be made available at low interest rates. ?The extension system should be revived to clear up problems in the field. ?There should be a proper system to address the issue of water scarcity. ? becoming water for irrigation should be provided. ?Conserve Agro Bio -Diversity in Gene and Seed banks. ?Increase budget outlay for Agriculture in every Five Year plan of the Government of India. ?Agricultural land should not be given to SEZ. ?The use of Genetically Modified Seeds should be stopped and organic agricultural practices encouraged. Farmers Rights law to be implemented immediately. ?Investments should be made to restore soil health. 2007 The problem cannot be solved through economic packages alone. What is needed is social and spiritual interventions so that the farmers realize that suicide is not the way out they should date that they need to develop self confidence. The future generation shou ld have the mental strength to face lifes challenges. Amma REFERENCES http//agrariancrisis. in/ http//wikipedia. org/ http//www. councilforresponsiblegenetics. org/